chapter 3 exam Flashcards
Deandra researches the effects of nicotine on the body for a term paper. She is surprised to find out that nicotine has some beneficial effects, including improving ____ functioning.
cognitive
lymphatic
endocrine
cardiovascular
cognitive
Which is an example of a carcinogen found in tobacco?
myosmine
nornicotine
nitrosamines
cotinine
nitrosamines
The e-cigarette is loaded with _____.
dry tobacco
liquid nicotine
wet tobacco
powdered nicotine
liquid nicotine
Evidence suggests that e-cigarettes may be _____ than regular cigarettes and could reduce _____.
safer; quitting behavior
more addictive; quitting behavior
safer; craving
more addictive; craving
safer; craving
The majority of nicotine is metabolized in the:
liver.
blood.
kidneys.
plasma.
liver
Many behavioral therapy approaches address the ____ that trigger a craving to smoke.
subconscious forces
behavioral and environmental cues
biological cues
psychological traumas
behavioral and environmental cues
The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, which required warning labels to be placed on cigarette packages, originally took effect in
1952
1973
1966
1925
1966
The release and inhalation of which product from smoked tobacco provides direct contact of carcinogens with tissue in the mouth, throat, esophagus, and lungs?
tar
formaldehyde
lead
cadmium
tar
Which is the most likely central psychoactive ingredient in tobacco?
propylene glycol
acetylcholine
ammonia
nicotine
nicotine
The pharmacological effects of tobacco are due to ______ and the disease states are due to _______.
carbon monoxide; tar
nicotine; nicotine
nicotine; tar
tar; nicotine
nicotine; tar
Compared to e-cigarettes, the use of vape-pens typically results in _____ on a puff per puff basis.
increased exposure to carcinogens
higher nicotine blood levels
lower nicotine blood levels
increased exposure to toxicants
lower nicotine blood levels
_______ facilitates many disease processes associated with smoking because of its advantage over oxygen in binding to hemoglobin.
Nicotine
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Tar
carbon monoxide
Compared to e-cigarettes, the use of vape-pens typically results in \_\_\_\_\_ nicotine blood levels and \_\_\_\_\_ carcinogens on a puff for puff basis. lower; decreased exposure to higher; decreased exposure to lower; increased exposure to higher; increased exposure to
not b
Resembling a normal cigarette, electronic cigarettes use a battery-powered device to deliver a smokeless and odorless dose of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. adrenalin nicotine glutamate caffeine
not adrenalin
Nicotine is thought to be beneficial to all of the following EXCEPT: Alzheimer's disease. motor skills. cognitive performance. Parkinson's disease.
not Alzhiemer’s
Nicotine has _______ -like effects.
serotonin
acetylcholine
dopamine
norepinephrine
acetylcholine
Many of the severely adverse effects associated with nicotine are the result of its ____.
vehicle of administration: tobacco
glutathione conjugation
freebase properties
effects on nicotinic receptors
vehicle of administration: tobacco
How do most smokers quit?
on their own
with the aid of their doctor
using self-help groups
using group therapy
on their own
Nicotine-replacement therapy is a therapy that minimizes or prevents withdrawal symptoms by using products that contain ____.
active nicotine metabolites
inactive nicotine derivatives
tobacco but not nicotine
nicotine but not tobacco
nicotine but not tobacco
The carcinogens in cigarettes are the primary cause of ______ cancer.
brain
lung
pancreatic
bladder
lung
The major organ(s) responsible for metabolizing nicotine is (are) the _______
pancreas
lung
kidneys
liver
liver
Which of the following statement is TRUE?
Nicotine is only one of 2000 substances in tobacco.
Nicotine accounts for the acute pharmacological effects of smoking.
Nicotine is a secondary active ingredient in tobacco.
Nicotine makes cigarettes burn slower.
nicotine accounts for the acute pharmacological effects of smoking
Nicotine has been shown to have _______ effects.
calming
both calming and stimulating
None of these are correct.
stimulating
both calming and stimulating
The main reason humans appear to consume tobacco is for its _____ content.
caffeine
carbon monoxide
tar
nicotine
nicotine
Dr. Andrews studies the effects of nicotine on the brain by characterizing the role of nicotine as a ____ nicotinic receptor agonist.
cholinergic
dopaminergic
glutamatergic
serotonergic
cholinergic
Nicotine is eliminated from the body primarily in _______
sweat
feces
urine
exhaled smoke
urine
_____ are the most toxic way to smoke tobacco.
Cigarettes
Hookahs
Cigars
Pipes
cigarettes
How many of the 60 species of the genus Nicotiana are used for human consumption?
15
28
7
2
2
The effect of nicotine on the cardiovascular system and hypothalamus are, respectively:
vasoconstriction and diuretic hormone release.
vasoconstriction and antidiuretic hormone release.
vasodilation and antidiuretic hormone release.
vasodilation and diuretic hormone release.
vasoconstriction and antidiuretic hormone release
The most frequently reported nicotine “withdrawal” symptom is _______
irritability
craving
anxiety
insomnia
craving
Nicotine is an acetylcholine \_\_\_\_\_ by acting on acetylcholine \_\_\_\_\_. antagonist; receptors antagonist; neurotransmitter agonist; neurotransmitter agonist; receptors
agonist; receptors
Smoking during pregnancy has been shown to produce small but consistent:
neurological deficits.
attentional issues as children age.
low birth weights.
frontal lobe deficits.
low birth rates
Which of the following is the most efficient and safe way to get a dose of nicotine?
using chewing tobacco
vaping
using snuff intranasally
cigarette smoking
vaping
Nicotine-induced release of acetylcholine may:
cause adult ADHD.
improve cognitive performance and arousal.
stimulate depression.
enhance sensory perception.
improve cognitive performance and arousal
Nicotine is most readily absorbed from the skin gastrointestinal tract lung; nasal mucosa
lung
Most of the cancer-causing substances in smoke are in _ tar carbon monoxide carbon dioxide nicotine
tar
Cancers associated with tobacco use are primarily due to: tars in the tobacco. poor filters. the delivery device. nicotine.
tars in the tobacco
Which of the following tobacco products is associated with the highest rates of oral cancer?
cigarettes
snuff
cigars
chewing tobacco
chewing tobacco
When was the relationship between tobacco and cancer first established?
mid-20th century
late-20th century
early-21st century
early 20th century
early 20th century
When first people start smoking, nicotine induces:
altered heart rate.
a decrease in blood pressure.
nausea.
feelings of pleasure.
nausea
What is the minimum nicotine dosage considered to be fatal in human beings? 4 grams 60 milligrams 25 milligrams 1 gram
60 milligrams
Which biological effect is most likely to occur in a nonsmoker following their first cigarette? increased alertness blood vessel constriction nausea racing heart
nausea
__________ is the direct mechanism of action of nicotine on bit increasing and decreasing arousal levels
Stimulation of dopamine receptors
Blockade of acetylcholine receptors
Stimulation of acetylcholine receptors
Blockade of dopamine receptors
stimulation of acetylcholine receptors
Nicotiana tabacum is indigenous to _
Africa
South America
the United States
Spain
South America
What is the most common administration route for nicotine? insufflation inhalation ingestion injection
inhalation
Hookah smoke is absorbed by:
injection.
transdermal patch.
inhalation.
sublingual administration.
inhalation
Which of the following would a person not be likely to feel after drinking a couple cups of coffee? creative confident drowsy efficient
drowy
Caffeine is primarily excreted from the body as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ electrolytes metabolites caffeine amino acids
metabolites
Research suggests that daily coffee or caffeine use may provide a protective effect against: Parkinson's disease. bipolar disorder. type 1 diabetes. Huntington's disease.
Parkinson’s Disease
Caffeine is naturally found in all of the following EXCEPT: tea leaves. cocoa beans. birch trees. kola nuts.
birch trees
Research has shown that caffeine _____ the risk of cardiovascular disease and _____ the risk of diabetes.
decreases; decreases
decreases; increases
increases; decreases
increases; increases
decreases; decreases
Of the major caffeine metabolites, __________ does not act in a similar way to caffeine.
theophylline
paraxanthine
theobromine
parabromine
theobromine
Xanthines are known for all of the following EXCEPT:
depressing the central nervous system.
relaxing smooth muscle.
stimulating cardiac muscle.
producing diuresis.
depressing the central nervous system
The antimigraine effect of caffeine appears to be due to: dilatation of cerebral arteries. constriction of cerebral arteries. increased cardiac output. increased cardiac contractility.
constriction of cerebral arteries
The half-life of caffeine is: less than 30 minutes. 24 to 48 hours. greater than two days. 3 to 10 hours.
3 to 10 hours
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most widely used psychoactive drug. Caffeine Nicotine Alcohol Cocaine
caffeine
The most common symptom of caffeine withdrawal is: depressed mood. irritibility. anxious mood. headache.
headache
Which of the following xanthines has almost no stimulant effect on the central nervous system and the skeletal muscles? Theophylline Theobromine Caffeine Paraxanthine
theobromine
Theobroma, the genus name for the cacao tree, is Latin for:
wake-up tree.
calm river.
food of the gods.
bitter root.
food of the gods
All of the following are pharmacological effects of normal caffeine doses except: reduced appetite. blood vessel constriction. increased heart rate. negative mood.
negative mood
Caffeine's primary pharmacodynamic action is _ a stimulating effect on respiration stimulation of CNS activity elevation of basal metabolism contraction of the heart
stimulation of CNS activity
Europeans first began using caffeine in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the late 15th and early 16th centuries the 19th century 200 B.C. the Stone Age
the late 15th and early 16th centuries
The half-life of caffeine in the blood ranges from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 12 to 24 hours 3 to 10 hours 15 to 30 minutes 1 to 2 hours
3 to 10 hours
Tea contains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_as well as caffeine. acetylcholine nicotine theophylline theobromine
theophylline
What source of caffeine did 16th century European explorers discover in Mexico? cacao coffee kola tea
cacao
Which of the following is used most frequently in medications? caffeine theobromine all are used equally parabromine
caffeine
Which of the following contains the highest concentration of caffeine? brewed tea brewed coffee Coca-Cola chocolate
brewed coffee
The effects of caffeine are caused by its blockage of receptors for which neurotransmitter? dopamine serotonin adenosine acetylcholine
adenosine
Adenosine is a \_\_\_\_\_ the discharge rate of many central neurons. stimulant that decreases depressant that increases depressant that decreases stimulant that increases
depressant that decreases
The majority of metabolism of caffeine occurs in the: kidney. liver. bladder. plasma.
liver
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ does most of the metabolizing of caffeine. colon liver pancreas kidneys
liver
The mechanism of action of caffeine appears to be \_\_\_\_\_ receptors. blockade of adenosine stimulation of GABAA stimulation of adenosine blockade of GABAA
blockade of adenosine
Caffeine is one of three naturally occurring compounds known as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ methylxanthines tricyclics theobromines endorphins
methylxanthines
Moderate consumption of caffeine can: increase inflammation. protect against heart failure. substantially increase the risk of coronary heart disease. increase the risk of stroke.
protect against heart failure
The most consistent withdrawal symptom after chronic caffeine use is: inability to sleep. nervousness. drowsiness. headache.
headache
Juan suffers from headaches. He takes over-the-counter medications for pain relief but also drinks a can of Monster®. The effects of the caffeine in the energy drink cause \_\_\_\_\_ of the cerebral blood vessels and \_\_\_\_\_ blood flow to the brain. constriction; decreased dilation; decreased dilation; increased constriction; increased
constriction; decreased
The explanation for caffeine's acute effects that is most accepted now is the hypothesis. aminophylline phosphodiesterase glucose adenosine
adenosine
Caffeinism is:
the study of people hypersensitive to caffeine.
a syndrome produced by the overdose or overuse of caffeine.
the description of the effects of moderate doses of caffeine.
the study of caffeine.
a syndrome produced by the overdose or overuse of caffeine
In 1909, the FDA seized some Coca-Cola syrup and filed charges against the company partly because: the syrup contained cocaine. the syrup formula was secret. of the toxins in kola nuts. the syrup contained caffeine.
the syrup contained caffeine
The lethal dose of caffeine is equivalent to approximately: There is no lethal dose. 30 to 50 cups. 10 to 20 cups. 100 cups.
100 cups
Caffeine's most widely known adverse effect is on: cardiovascular function. digestion. memory. sleep.
sleep
Today, an important producer of cocoa is _ China the United States Africa Switzerland
Africa
Agitation, anxiousness, and insomnia caused by high doses of caffeine is called: caffeinism. caffeine syndrome. synesthesia. somnolence.
caffeinism
The early history of coffee included a 1674 pamphlet from England titled: Roasted in Hell. Nectar of the Heavens. Bad Berries. The Women's Petition Against Coffee.
the Women’s Petition Against Coffee
Other than the brain, research suggests that caffeine consumption may be beneficial for the: immune system. digestive tract. cardiovascular system. urinary tract.
cardiovascular system
If a caffeine dependent individual had her last caffeinated drink during the early afternoon, then the next morning she is likely:
no longer going to experience caffeine withdrawal symptoms.
experiencing caffeine withdrawal symptoms.
able to wait several more hours before consuming more caffeine.
still alert from the previous caffeine use.
experiences caffeine withdrawal symptoms
After entry of caffeine into the intestines, caffeine has: poor absorption. moderate absorption. no absorption. high absorption.
high absorption
Green, black, and oolong tea are all prepared from leaves of: Camellia sinensis. different herbs. Xanthus theo. Coffea robusta.
camellia sinensis
