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drugs and behavior > chapter 3 exam > Flashcards

chapter 3 exam Flashcards

1
Q

Deandra researches the effects of nicotine on the body for a term paper. She is surprised to find out that nicotine has some beneficial effects, including improving ____ functioning.

cognitive
lymphatic
endocrine
cardiovascular

A

cognitive

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2
Q

Which is an example of a carcinogen found in tobacco?

myosmine
nornicotine
nitrosamines
cotinine

A

nitrosamines

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3
Q

The e-cigarette is loaded with _____.

dry tobacco
liquid nicotine
wet tobacco
powdered nicotine

A

liquid nicotine

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4
Q

Evidence suggests that e-cigarettes may be _____ than regular cigarettes and could reduce _____.

safer; quitting behavior
more addictive; quitting behavior
safer; craving
more addictive; craving

A

safer; craving

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5
Q

The majority of nicotine is metabolized in the:

liver.
blood.
kidneys.
plasma.

A

liver

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6
Q

Many behavioral therapy approaches address the ____ that trigger a craving to smoke.

subconscious forces
behavioral and environmental cues
biological cues
psychological traumas

A

behavioral and environmental cues

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7
Q

The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, which required warning labels to be placed on cigarette packages, originally took effect in

1952
1973
1966
1925

A

1966

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8
Q

The release and inhalation of which product from smoked tobacco provides direct contact of carcinogens with tissue in the mouth, throat, esophagus, and lungs?

tar
formaldehyde
lead
cadmium

A

tar

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9
Q

Which is the most likely central psychoactive ingredient in tobacco?

propylene glycol
acetylcholine
ammonia
nicotine

A

nicotine

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10
Q

The pharmacological effects of tobacco are due to ______ and the disease states are due to _______.

carbon monoxide; tar
nicotine; nicotine
nicotine; tar
tar; nicotine

A

nicotine; tar

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11
Q

Compared to e-cigarettes, the use of vape-pens typically results in _____ on a puff per puff basis.

increased exposure to carcinogens
higher nicotine blood levels
lower nicotine blood levels
increased exposure to toxicants

A

lower nicotine blood levels

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12
Q

_______ facilitates many disease processes associated with smoking because of its advantage over oxygen in binding to hemoglobin.

Nicotine
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Tar

A

carbon monoxide

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13
Q 
Compared to e-cigarettes, the use of vape-pens typically results in \_\_\_\_\_ nicotine blood levels and \_\_\_\_\_ carcinogens on a puff for puff basis.
  lower; decreased exposure to 
  higher; decreased exposure to 
  lower; increased exposure to 
  higher; increased exposure to
A

not b

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14
Q 
Resembling a normal cigarette, electronic cigarettes use a battery-powered device to deliver a smokeless and odorless dose of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
  adrenalin 
  nicotine 
  glutamate 
  caffeine
A

not adrenalin

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15
Q 
Nicotine is thought to be beneficial to all of the following EXCEPT:
  Alzheimer's disease.
  motor skills. 
  cognitive performance. 
  Parkinson's disease.
A

not Alzhiemer’s

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16
Q

Nicotine has _______ -like effects.

serotonin
acetylcholine
dopamine
norepinephrine

A

acetylcholine

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17
Q

Many of the severely adverse effects associated with nicotine are the result of its ____.

vehicle of administration: tobacco
glutathione conjugation
freebase properties
effects on nicotinic receptors

A

vehicle of administration: tobacco

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18
Q

How do most smokers quit?

on their own
with the aid of their doctor
using self-help groups
using group therapy

A

on their own

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19
Q

Nicotine-replacement therapy is a therapy that minimizes or prevents withdrawal symptoms by using products that contain ____.

active nicotine metabolites
inactive nicotine derivatives
tobacco but not nicotine
nicotine but not tobacco

A

nicotine but not tobacco

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20
Q

The carcinogens in cigarettes are the primary cause of ______ cancer.

brain
lung
pancreatic
bladder

A

lung

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21
Q

The major organ(s) responsible for metabolizing nicotine is (are) the _______

pancreas
lung
kidneys
liver

A

liver

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22
Q

Which of the following statement is TRUE?

Nicotine is only one of 2000 substances in tobacco.
Nicotine accounts for the acute pharmacological effects of smoking.
Nicotine is a secondary active ingredient in tobacco.
Nicotine makes cigarettes burn slower.

A

nicotine accounts for the acute pharmacological effects of smoking

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23
Q

Nicotine has been shown to have _______ effects.

calming
both calming and stimulating
None of these are correct.
stimulating

A

both calming and stimulating

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24
Q

The main reason humans appear to consume tobacco is for its _____ content.

caffeine
carbon monoxide
tar
nicotine

A

nicotine

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25
Q

Dr. Andrews studies the effects of nicotine on the brain by characterizing the role of nicotine as a ____ nicotinic receptor agonist.

cholinergic
dopaminergic
glutamatergic
serotonergic

A

cholinergic

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26
Q

Nicotine is eliminated from the body primarily in _______

sweat
feces
urine
exhaled smoke

A

urine

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27
Q

_____ are the most toxic way to smoke tobacco.

Cigarettes
Hookahs
Cigars
Pipes

A

cigarettes

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28
Q

How many of the 60 species of the genus Nicotiana are used for human consumption?

15
28
7
2

A

2

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29
Q

The effect of nicotine on the cardiovascular system and hypothalamus are, respectively:

vasoconstriction and diuretic hormone release.
vasoconstriction and antidiuretic hormone release.
vasodilation and antidiuretic hormone release.
vasodilation and diuretic hormone release.

A

vasoconstriction and antidiuretic hormone release

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30
Q

The most frequently reported nicotine “withdrawal” symptom is _______

irritability
craving
anxiety
insomnia

A

craving

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31
Q 
Nicotine is an acetylcholine \_\_\_\_\_ by acting on acetylcholine \_\_\_\_\_.
  antagonist; receptors 
  antagonist; neurotransmitter 
  agonist; neurotransmitter 
  agonist; receptors
A

agonist; receptors

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32
Q

Smoking during pregnancy has been shown to produce small but consistent:

neurological deficits.
attentional issues as children age.
low birth weights.
frontal lobe deficits.

A

low birth rates

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33
Q

Which of the following is the most efficient and safe way to get a dose of nicotine?

using chewing tobacco
vaping
using snuff intranasally
cigarette smoking

A

vaping

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34
Q

Nicotine-induced release of acetylcholine may:
cause adult ADHD.

improve cognitive performance and arousal.
stimulate depression.
enhance sensory perception.

A

improve cognitive performance and arousal

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35
Q 
Nicotine is most readily absorbed from the
  skin 
  gastrointestinal tract 
  lung; 
  nasal mucosa
A

lung

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36
Q 
Most of the cancer-causing substances in smoke are in   _
  tar 
  carbon monoxide 
  carbon dioxide 
  nicotine
A

tar

37
Q 
Cancers associated with tobacco use are primarily due to:
  tars in the tobacco. 
  poor filters. 
  the delivery device. 
  nicotine.
A

tars in the tobacco

38
Q

Which of the following tobacco products is associated with the highest rates of oral cancer?

cigarettes
snuff
cigars
chewing tobacco

A

chewing tobacco

39
Q

When was the relationship between tobacco and cancer first established?

mid-20th century
late-20th century
early-21st century
early 20th century

A

early 20th century

40
Q

When first people start smoking, nicotine induces:

altered heart rate.
a decrease in blood pressure.
nausea.
feelings of pleasure.

A

nausea

41
Q 
What is the minimum nicotine dosage considered to be fatal in human beings?
  4 grams 
  60 milligrams 
  25 milligrams 
  1 gram
A

60 milligrams

42
Q 
Which biological effect is most likely to occur in a nonsmoker following their first cigarette?
  increased alertness 
  blood vessel constriction 
  nausea 
  racing heart
A

nausea

43
Q

__________ is the direct mechanism of action of nicotine on bit increasing and decreasing arousal levels

Stimulation of dopamine receptors
Blockade of acetylcholine receptors
Stimulation of acetylcholine receptors
Blockade of dopamine receptors

A

stimulation of acetylcholine receptors

44
Q

Nicotiana tabacum is indigenous to  _

Africa
South America
the United States
Spain

A

South America

45
Q 
What is the most common administration route for nicotine?
  insufflation 
  inhalation 
  ingestion 
  injection
A

inhalation

46
Q

Hookah smoke is absorbed by:

injection.
transdermal patch.
inhalation.
sublingual administration.

A

inhalation

47
Q 
Which of the following would a person not be likely to feel after drinking a couple cups of coffee?
  creative
  confident
  drowsy
  efficient
A

drowy

48
Q 
Caffeine is primarily excreted from the body as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
  electrolytes
  metabolites
  caffeine
  amino acids
A

metabolites

49
Q 
Research suggests that daily coffee or caffeine use may provide a protective effect against:
  Parkinson's disease.
  bipolar disorder. 
  type 1 diabetes. 
  Huntington's disease.
A

Parkinson’s Disease

50
Q 
Caffeine is naturally found in all of the following EXCEPT:
  tea leaves. 
  cocoa beans. 
  birch trees. 
  kola nuts.
A

birch trees

51
Q

Research has shown that caffeine _____ the risk of cardiovascular disease and _____ the risk of diabetes.

decreases; decreases
decreases; increases
increases; decreases
increases; increases

A

decreases; decreases

52
Q

Of the major caffeine metabolites, __________ does not act in a similar way to caffeine.

theophylline
paraxanthine
theobromine
parabromine

A

theobromine

53
Q

Xanthines are known for all of the following EXCEPT:
depressing the central nervous system.
relaxing smooth muscle.
stimulating cardiac muscle.
producing diuresis.

A

depressing the central nervous system

54
Q 
The antimigraine effect of caffeine appears to be due to:
  dilatation of cerebral arteries. 
  constriction of cerebral arteries. 
  increased cardiac output. 
  increased cardiac contractility.
A

constriction of cerebral arteries

55
Q 
The half-life of caffeine is:
  less than 30 minutes. 
  24 to 48 hours. 
  greater than two days. 
  3 to 10 hours.
A

3 to 10 hours

56
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most widely used psychoactive drug.
  Caffeine 
  Nicotine 
  Alcohol 
  Cocaine
A

caffeine

57
Q 
The most common symptom of caffeine withdrawal is:
  depressed mood. 
  irritibility. 
  anxious mood. 
  headache.
A

headache

58
Q 
Which of the following xanthines has almost no stimulant effect on the central nervous system and the skeletal muscles?
  Theophylline 
  Theobromine 
  Caffeine 
  Paraxanthine
A

theobromine

59
Q

Theobroma, the genus name for the cacao tree, is Latin for:

wake-up tree.
calm river.
food of the gods.
bitter root.

A

food of the gods

60
Q 
All of the following are pharmacological effects of normal caffeine doses except:
  reduced appetite. 
  blood vessel constriction. 
  increased heart rate. 
  negative mood.
A

negative mood

61
Q 
Caffeine's primary pharmacodynamic action is  _
  a stimulating effect on respiration
  stimulation of CNS activity
  elevation of basal metabolism
  contraction of the heart
A

stimulation of CNS activity

62
Q 
Europeans first began using caffeine in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
  the late 15th and early 16th centuries
  the 19th century
  200 B.C.
  the Stone Age
A

the late 15th and early 16th centuries

63
Q 
The half-life of caffeine in the blood ranges from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
  12 to 24 hours
  3 to 10 hours
  15 to 30 minutes
  1 to 2 hours
A

3 to 10 hours

64
Q 
Tea contains  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_as well as caffeine.
  acetylcholine
  nicotine
  theophylline
  theobromine
A

theophylline

65
Q 
What source of caffeine did 16th century European explorers discover in Mexico?
  cacao
  coffee
  kola
  tea
A

cacao

66
Q 
Which of the following is used most frequently in medications?
  caffeine
  theobromine
  all are used equally
  parabromine
A

caffeine

67
Q 
Which of the following contains the highest concentration of caffeine?
  brewed tea
  brewed coffee
  Coca-Cola
  chocolate
A

brewed coffee

68
Q 
The effects of caffeine are caused by its blockage of receptors for which neurotransmitter?
  dopamine
  serotonin
  adenosine
  acetylcholine
A

adenosine

69
Q 
Adenosine is a \_\_\_\_\_ the discharge rate of many central neurons.
  stimulant that decreases 
  depressant that increases 
  depressant that decreases 
  stimulant that increases
A

depressant that decreases

70
Q 
The majority of metabolism of caffeine occurs in the:
  kidney. 
  liver. 
  bladder. 
  plasma.
A

liver

71
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ does most of the metabolizing of caffeine.
  colon
  liver
  pancreas
  kidneys
A

liver

72
Q 
The mechanism of action of caffeine appears to be \_\_\_\_\_ receptors.
  blockade of adenosine 
  stimulation of GABAA
  stimulation of adenosine 
  blockade of GABAA
A

blockade of adenosine

73
Q 
Caffeine  is one of three naturally  occurring compounds known as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
  methylxanthines
  tricyclics
  theobromines
  endorphins
A

methylxanthines

74
Q 
Moderate consumption of caffeine can:
  increase inflammation. 
  protect against heart failure. 
  substantially increase the risk of coronary heart disease. 
  increase the risk of stroke.
A

protect against heart failure

75
Q 
The most consistent withdrawal symptom after chronic caffeine use is:
  inability to sleep. 
  nervousness. 
  drowsiness. 
  headache.
A

headache

76
Q 
Juan suffers from headaches. He takes over-the-counter medications for pain relief but also drinks a can of Monster®. The effects of the caffeine in the energy drink cause \_\_\_\_\_ of the cerebral blood vessels and \_\_\_\_\_ blood flow to the brain.
  constriction; decreased 
  dilation; decreased 
  dilation; increased 
  constriction; increased
A

constriction; decreased

77
Q 
The explanation for caffeine's acute effects that is most accepted now is the  hypothesis.
  aminophylline
  phosphodiesterase
  glucose
  adenosine
A

adenosine

78
Q

Caffeinism is:
the study of people hypersensitive to caffeine.
a syndrome produced by the overdose or overuse of caffeine.
the description of the effects of moderate doses of caffeine.
the study of caffeine.

A

a syndrome produced by the overdose or overuse of caffeine

79
Q 
In 1909, the FDA seized some Coca-Cola syrup and filed charges against the company partly because:
  the syrup contained cocaine. 
  the syrup formula was secret. 
  of the toxins in kola nuts. 
  the syrup contained caffeine.
A

the syrup contained caffeine

80
Q 
The lethal dose of caffeine is equivalent to approximately:
  There is no lethal dose. 
  30 to 50 cups. 
  10 to 20 cups. 
  100 cups.
A

100 cups

81
Q 
Caffeine's most widely known adverse effect is on:
  cardiovascular function. 
  digestion. 
  memory. 
  sleep.
A

sleep

82
Q 
Today, an important producer of cocoa is   _
  China
  the United States
  Africa
  Switzerland
A

Africa

83
Q 
Agitation, anxiousness, and insomnia caused by high doses of caffeine is called:
  caffeinism. 
  caffeine syndrome. 
  synesthesia. 
  somnolence.
A

caffeinism

84
Q 
The early history of coffee included a 1674 pamphlet from England titled:
  Roasted in Hell. 
  Nectar of the Heavens. 
  Bad Berries. 
  The Women's Petition Against Coffee.
A

the Women’s Petition Against Coffee

85
Q 
Other than the brain, research suggests that caffeine consumption may be beneficial for the:
  immune system. 
  digestive tract. 
  cardiovascular system. 
  urinary tract.
A

cardiovascular system

86
Q

If a caffeine dependent individual had her last caffeinated drink during the early afternoon, then the next morning she is likely:
no longer going to experience caffeine withdrawal symptoms.
experiencing caffeine withdrawal symptoms.
able to wait several more hours before consuming more caffeine.
still alert from the previous caffeine use.

A

experiences caffeine withdrawal symptoms

87
Q 
After entry of caffeine into the intestines, caffeine has:
  poor absorption. 
  moderate absorption. 
  no absorption. 
  high absorption.
A

high absorption

88
Q 
Green, black, and oolong tea are all prepared from leaves of:
  Camellia sinensis.
  different herbs. 
  Xanthus theo. 
  Coffea robusta.
A

camellia sinensis

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