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PS10086 Mind & Behvaiour > Chapter 3- Evolution, Genes, Environment & Behvaiour > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Evolution, Genes, Environment & Behvaiour Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

Field of psychology dedicated to investigating how gens and environmental factors interact during the course of development to affect behaviour

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2
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

A field of psychology that investigates the evolutionary origins of various psychological traits

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3
Q

Evolution (biological)

A

Gradual change over time in organic life from one form into another

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4
Q

Natural selection

A

Characteristics that increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction within a particular environment will be preserved in the population and therefore become more frequent over time

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5
Q

Mutations

A

Random events and accidents in gene reproducing during the division of cells

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6
Q

Dominant allele

A

The particular characteristic that it controls will be displayed

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7
Q

Recessive allele

A

The characteristic will not show up unless the partner genes inherited from the other parent is also recessive

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8
Q

Allele

A

Alternative forms of a gene that produce a different characteristic

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9
Q

Homozygous

A

Organisms that poses the same type of allele for a trait; 2 dominant or 2 recessive

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10
Q

Heterozygous

A

Organisms that poses different alleles for a trait; one dominant and one recessive

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11
Q

Genotype

A

The specific and complete genetic make-up of the individual

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12
Q

Phenotype

A

The individual’s outward observable characteristics

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13
Q

Genes

A

Functional segments of deoxyribonucleic acid that code for proteins

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14
Q

Somatic cell

A

Any cell forming the body of an organism, not reproductive cells.

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15
Q

Diploid

A

Cell consisting of two sets of chromosomes

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16
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

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17
Q

Haploid

A

Half the number of chromosomes, found in a gamete

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18
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilised egg containing 46 pairs of chromosomes

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19
Q

Nucleotides

A

Nitrogenous base, phosphate and sugar groups

20
Q

Codon

A

Non-overlapping triplet sequence of nucleotides

21
Q

Polygenic transmission

A

When a number of gene pairs combine their influences to create a single phenotypic trait

22
Q

Inherited behavioural adaptations

A

Traits that organisms are born with that help promote their chances of survival and reproductive success

23
Q

Fixed action pattern (FAP)

A

An unlearned response automatically triggered by a particular stimulus

24
Q

Releasing stimuli

A

External stimuli that trigger fixed action patterns

25
Q

Superstimulus

A

Ab exaggerated version of a releasing stimulus that triggers a stronger response than the naturalistic model

26
Q

Shared environment

A

People residing in shared environments experiences many of their features in common

27
Q

Unshared environment

A

Experiences that are unique to us

28
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

How heredity and environmental factors influence psychological characteristics

29
Q

Degree of relatedness

A

The number of genes we share with others by direct common descent

30
Q

Concordance

A

Co-occurence

31
Q

Adoption study

A

People who were adopted early in life are compared with the ire biological parents, with whom they share genes, and with their adoptive parents, with whom they share no genes.

32
Q

Twin studies

A

Compare similarities in identical and fraternal twins

33
Q

Concordance rates

A

Statistical expression of the probability that two individuals with shared gens will share a particular trait to the same degree

34
Q

Heritability coefficient

A

Estimates the extent to which the differences, or variation, in a specific phenotypic characteristic within a group of people can be attributed to their differing genes

35
Q

Reaction range

A

The range of possibilities (the upper and lower limits) that the genetic code allows

36
Q

Evocative influence

A

A child’s genetically influenced behaviours may evoke certain responses from others

37
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of changes in gene expression due to environmental factors and independent of the DNA

38
Q

Knock-out procedure

A

Where a function of a gene is removed, or eliminated

39
Q

Knock-in procedure

A

Where a new gene is inserted into an animal at embryonic stage

40
Q

Adaptations

A

Physical or behavioural changes that allow organisms to meet recurring environmental challenges to their survival, increasing their reproductive ability

41
Q

Kin selection

A

Evolutionary strategy in which behaviours are selected which favour the reproductive success of an organism’s relatives, even if that is at a cost to that organism’s own survival and reproduction

42
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

A behaviour which reduces an organism’s fitness to survive and reproduce while increasing another organism’s fitness, undertakes with the expectation that the favour will be returned later

43
Q

Sexual streategies theory (and related model called parental investment theory)

A

Mating strategies and preferences reflect inherited tendencies, shaped over the ages in response to different types of adaptive problems that men and women faced

44
Q

Social structure theory

A

Men and women display different mating preferences not because nature impels them to do so, but because society guides them into different social roles

45
Q

Evolutionary personality theory

A

Looks for the origin of presumably universal personality traits in the adaptive demands of our species’ evolutionary history

46
Q

Strategic pluralism

A

The idea that multiple- even contradictory- behavioural strategies might be adaptive in certain environments and would therefore be maintained through natural selection

PS10086 Mind & Behvaiour (2 decks)

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