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Biology > Chapter 3 Embryogenesis and Development > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Embryogenesis and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Fertilization

A
  1. on day 14 of menstral cycle an egg is ovulaated rom the follicle and rest in the ampulla where it meets a sperm
  2. The sperm binds to the egg and releasees acrosomal enzyme that allow it to penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucidaa.
  3. It forms the acrosomal apparatus that penetrates the meembrane and allows the pronucleus to enter the egg
    4.After penetration teh cortical reaction occurs
  4. The nulcues of sperm ad egg join and the zygote is formed
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2
Q

Cleavage

A

Clevage: procces of rapid mitotic cell divisonn
1. cleavage occcurs as zygote travels to uterus for implantaion (no longer zygote after first clevage becomes embryo)
2. Total size of embryo does not change, increase in nuber of cells

  • Cells increase in Nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
    and **Surface:Volume ** (increased SA ffor gas exchange)
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3
Q

Blastulation

A

formation of the blastula
embryo becomes a morula and undergoes bslatulation wich froms the Blastula

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4
Q

Implantation

A

Blastula implants into the endometrium in the uterus.

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5
Q

Zygote

A

unicellular

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6
Q

ampulla

A

The part of the fallopion tubve where fertilization ooccurs

fertilization

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7
Q

acrosomal enzymes

A

enablethe head of the sperm to penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida

released by the sperm after binding to the egg

fertilization

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8
Q

acrosomal apparatus

A

tube like structure that penetrates the egg cell mebrane allowing the pronucles to be released from the egg

fertilization

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9
Q

corticol reaction

A

release of calcium after penetration of the cell membrane
1. deoplarizes the egg membrane so other sperm cannot bind
2. Ca2+increase metabolic rate of zygote

fertilization

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10
Q

Fertalization Membrane

A

The impentrable and depolrized membrane

fertilization

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11
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

fertilization of two differnt eggs

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12
Q

monozygotic Twins

A

single zygote splits
Classfied by teh muber of structures shared ex: monochronic/monoaminiotic
depednns onn the stage of sepertaion

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13
Q

singl

Intermediate Cleavage

A

cells can still develop into complete organisms
* identical twin comr from intermediatly cleaved cells of the same embryo

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14
Q

Determine Cleavage

A

committed to differntation into a type of cell

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15
Q

morula

A

solid mass of cells that resultfrom division of the embryo

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16
Q

Blastula

A

hallow ball of cellls filled with blastoceol(fluid)

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17
Q

Blastocyst

A

mamalian blastula
Two cell groups: trophoblast and inner cell mass

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18
Q

inner cell mass

A

gives rise to the organissim itsefl

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19
Q

trophoblast cells

A

Createe the interface between the embryo and the maternal blood supply

suuround the blastoceol and give rise to the chorion and later the placenta

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20
Q

Chorion

A

extraemryonic membrane that develops into the placenta

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21
Q

Chorionic villi

A

microscope fingers that tpenetrate the endometrium

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22
Q

umbilical cord

A

connects the embryo to the placenta
* two arteries (deocygentaed blood and waste)
* vein(carries oxygenated blood and nutrients from placenta to embryo)
Formed from the remnants of the yolk sac and the allontosi

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23
Q

yolk sac

A

supports embryo until placenta is fully formed

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24
Q

allantosis

A
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25
Q

Amnion

A
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26
Q

Gastrulation

A

Occurs after implantation
It its the generation of three distinct cell layes
Gastrulation is an early developmental process in which an embryo transforms from a one-dimensional layer of epithelial cells, a blastula, and reorganizes into a multilayered and multidimensional structure called the gastrula.

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27
Q

archenteron

A

the invagination in the blastocoel
dedvelops into the gut

28
Q

Blastopore

A

the opening of the archenteron

29
Q

Blastopore

deuterostome

A

Blastopore devlops into anus

30
Q

Blastopore

protostomes

A

Blastopore devlops into mouth

31
Q

ectoderm

A
32
Q

mesoderm

A
33
Q

endoderm

A

epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory tract. Pancreus, thyroid, bladder, distal urinary tract

34
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • middle layer
  • muscoskeltal system, circulatory, exttroctry sytem
    gonads, muscular and connective tissues of teh digestive/respiratory sytems**
    adrenal cortex
35
Q

ectoderm

A

outermost layer
* inumgentary sytem
eye lens
nervous system
inner ear
adrenal medulla

36
Q

induction

A

ability of one group of cells to influence the fate of nearby cells
* inducers diffuse from organzing cells to responsive cells

37
Q

neurlation

A

106

38
Q

Cell specialization

A
  1. specfication
  2. determination
  3. differentation
39
Q

specfication

A

reverisble designation of cell type

40
Q

determination

A

commitment to a future function
* During clevage: assymetrical distribution of mRNA and proetins
* Due to morphogens from nearby cells

41
Q

differnetation

A

carrying out the spealized function

42
Q

stem cells

A

cells that **have not yet differntiated **that give rise to other cells that will differntiate

43
Q

Types of stem cells

A
  1. totipotent: can differntiate intop any cell type
  2. pluripotent: when the totipotent cells differntiate into the three germ layers. can diffeenikate into any celltype except placenta
  3. multipotent: diffentiate into multiple types of cells, ex: hematopiotic stem cells (diffentiate into the differntg blood cells)
44
Q

responder

A

cell that is induced
mujst be competent ( able to respond to signal)

45
Q

Signal types

A
  • Autocrine: acton same cell
  • Paracrine: act on local area
  • juxtacrine: ajacent cells directly stimulating each other (not involve diffusion)
  • endocrine: systemic
46
Q

Inudcers

A

often growth factors
promote differnation and mitolsi in surrounding cells

47
Q

reciprocal development

A
48
Q

Cell migration

A

cells must be able to diconnect from adjacengt structires and migrate to thier correct location

49
Q

neural crest

A

116

50
Q

Cell death

A

apoptsois: apoptoopic blebs -> apoptopic bodies

51
Q

Regenerative capacity

A

the ability of an organism to regrow pats of the body
Complete regneration: tissue is replaced with identical. tissue
incomplete: tissue is replaced with non identical tissue

52
Q

Human Regenerative capacity

A

typically incolomplete regenrattion but varies by tissue type
* Liver: high
* heart: litttle
* Kidney: modertate can repair nephrons but capacity can be easily ovherwelmed rsulting in kindeyh failure

53
Q

Senescene

A

118

54
Q

Placenta

A
  1. site for nutrinet,gas, and watse exchange
    ensure that maternal and fetal blood dont mix
    2.immunity: crossing of antibodies
    3.endogrince organ: produces progetserone, estroogen and humun chorionic gonadtropin (hCG)
55
Q

Fetal hemoglobin

A

has agreater affinity for oxygen, assists with the transfer and retention of oxygen into the fetus

56
Q

Pathogens that can cross placenta barrier by diffusion

A

TORCHES
* Toxoplasma gondii
* rubella
* cytomegalovirus
* Herpes and HIV
* Syphilis

57
Q

Umbilical Arteries

A

carry blood away from the fetus toward the placentga

carries deoxygenated blood unlike other veins

58
Q

Umbilical Vein

A

carry blood to the fetus from the placenta

carries oxygenated blood unlike other veins

59
Q

Fetal lung and liver

A
  • do not serve signifacnt functions before birth: Gas exhange occurs in the placenta, metabolism occurs in the mothers liver.
  • underveloped and sestive to the postnatal high bloood pressure so fetus make three shunts to actively direct blood away from the lungs and liver
60
Q

Foramen ovale

A

connects right atrium to the left atrium

61
Q

ductus arteriosus

A
62
Q

ductus venosus

A
63
Q

Gestation

A

the process or period of developing inside the womb between conception and birth.

64
Q

First Trimester

A
  • major organs begin to develop during the first weeks
  • the heart beats at 22 days
  • eyes, gonads, limbs, and liver start to forms
  • skeleton begins to harden into bone by week 7
    *by week 8: most of the organs are fodrmedk, brain is fairly developed, embryo becomes fetus
    9cm long
65
Q

Second Trimester

A
  • fetus moves
  • face looks human
  • phlanges elongate
  • 30-36cm
66
Q

Third Trimester

A
  • further brain dvelopment
  • anntibod transfer meaxmizes
  • growth rate slows
  • fetus is less acttive (less space)
67
Q

Birth

A
  1. cervix thins and amniotic sac ruptures
  2. uterine contraction results in birth
  3. afterbirth: placenta and umbilical cord come out

Partutions is coordinated by prostaglandins. and oxytocin

Biology (2 decks)

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