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Radiologic Physics > Chapter 3: Electromagnetic Energy > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Electromagnetic Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

Irradiated

A

Referring to matter that intercepts radiation and absors part or all of it; exposed.

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Center of a living cell; spherical mass of protoplasm that contains the genetic material (DNA) that is stored in its molecular structure.

Center of an atom that contains neutrons and protons.

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3
Q

Quantum Theory

A

Theory in the physics of matter smaller than an atom and of electromagnetic radiation.
Quantum An x-ray photon.

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4
Q

Unit

A

Standard of measurement

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5
Q

Rectification

A

Process of converting alternating current to direct current.

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6
Q

Electromagnetic Energy

A

Type of energy in x-rays, radio waves, microwaves, and visible light.

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7
Q

Substance

A

Any drug, chemical or biologic entity.

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8
Q

Atom

A

Smallest particle of an element that cannot be divided or broken by chemical means.

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9
Q

Transmission

A

Passage of an x-ray beam through an anatomical part with no interaction with atomic structures.

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10
Q

Ionizing Radiation

A

Radiation capable of ionization.

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11
Q

Infrared light

A

Light that consists of photons with wavelengths longer than those of visible light but shorter than those of microwaves.

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12
Q

Nucleon

A

A proton or a neutron.

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13
Q

Useful Beam

A

Primary radiation used to form an image.

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14
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance between similar points on a sine wave; the length of one cycle.

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15
Q

Radiopaque

A

Referring to a tissue or material that absorbs x-rays and appears bright on a radiograph.

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16
Q

Speed

A

Term used to loosely describe the sensitivity of film to x-rays.

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17
Q

Law of conservation of matter

A

Principle that states that matter can be neither created nor destroyed.

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18
Q

Field

A

Interactions among different energies, forces, or masses that cannot be seen nut can be described mathematically.

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19
Q

Reduction

A

Process by which an electron is given up by a chemical to neutralize a positive ion.

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20
Q

X-ray imaging system

A

X-ray system designed for radiography, tomography, or fluoroscopy.

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21
Q

Output

A

Process of transferring the results of a computation from primary memory to storage or to the user.

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22
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

Continuum of electromagnetic energy.

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23
Q

Force

A

That which changes the motion of an object, a push or a pull. Expressed in newtons (N).

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24
Q

Visible light

A

Radiant energy in the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye.

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25
Q

Radiolucent

A

Referring to a tissue or material that transmits x-rays and appears dark on a radiograph.

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26
Q

Attenuation

A

Reduction in radiation intensity that results from absorption and scattering.

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27
Q

Frequency

A

Number of cycles or wavelengths of a simple harmonic motion per unit time.

Expressed in Hertz (Hz).

1 Hz = 1 cycle/s.

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28
Q

Conductor

A

Material that allows heat or electric current to flow.

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29
Q

Tissue

A

Collection of cells of similar structure and function.

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30
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation

A

Oscillating electric and magnetic fields that travel in a vacuum with the velocity of light.

Includes x-rays, gamma rays, and some nonionizing radiation (such as ultraviolet, visible, infrared and radio waves)

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31
Q

Velocity

A

Rate of change of an object(s) position over time; speed.

The velocity of all electromagnetic radiation is 3 x 10^8 m/s.

32
Q

Electron

A

Elementary particle with one negative charge.

Electrons surround the positively charged nucleus and determine the chemical properties of the atom.

33
Q

Reflection

A

Return or reentry of an x-ray.

34
Q

Mass

A

A quantity of matter; expressed in kilograms.

35
Q

Wave theory

A

Theory that electromagnetic energy travels through space in the form of waves.

36
Q

Window

A

Thin secton of a glass envelope through which the useful beam emerges.

37
Q

Spectrum

A

Graphic representation of the range over which a quantity extends.

38
Q

Element

A

Atoms that have the same atomic number and the same chemical properties.

Substance that cannot be reduced further without changing its chemical properties.

39
Q

Wave equation

A

Formula that states that velocity equals frequency multiplied by wavelength.

40
Q

Refraction

A

Deviation of course that occurs when photons of visible light traveling in straight lines pass from one transparent medium to another.

41
Q

Volt

A

SI unit of electric potential and potential difference.

42
Q

Translucent

A

Surface that allows light to be transmitted but greatly alters and reduces its intensity.

43
Q

Opaque

A

Surface that does NOT allow the passage of light.

44
Q

Joule

A

Unit of energy

The work done when a force of 1 N acts on an object along a distance of 1 m.

45
Q

Weight

A

Force on a mass that is caused by the acceleration of gravity.

Properly expressed in newtons (N), but commonly expressed in pounds. (lbs) 4.4lb = 1N.

46
Q

Microwave

A

Short-wavelength radiofrequency.

47
Q

Absorption

A

Transfer of energy from an electromagnetic field to matter; removal of x-rays from a beam via the photoelectric effect.

Process by which ultrasound transfers energy to tissue through conversion of acoustic.

48
Q

Sine wave

A

Variation in the movement of photons in electrical and magnetic fields.

49
Q

Electric Field

A

Lines of force exerted on charged ions in the tissues by the electrodes that cause charged particles to move from one pole to another.

50
Q

Pair production

A

Interaction between the x-ray and the nuclear electric field that causes the x-ray to disappear and that causes two electrons 1 positive and 1 negative to take its place.

51
Q

Wave-particle duality

A

Principle that states that both wave and particle concepts must be retained, because wave-like properties are exhibitied in some experiments and particle-like properties are exhibited in others.

52
Q

Electron Volt

A

Unit of energy equal to that which an electron acquires from a potential difference of 1 V.

53
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has form or shape.

54
Q

Hertz

A

Unit of frequency; the number of cycles or oscillations that occur each second during simple harmonic motion.

55
Q

Magnitude

A

Number that represents a quantity.

56
Q

Planck’s Constant

A

Fundamental physical constant that relates the energy of radiation to its frequency.

57
Q

Origin

A

Point at which two axes meet on a graph.

58
Q

Electric Current

A

Flow of electrons

59
Q

Energy

A

Ability to do work ; measured in joules (J).

60
Q

Ultraviolet light

A

Light that is located at the short end of the electromagnetic spectrum between visible light and ionizing x-rays.

It is beyond the range of human vision.

61
Q

Sinusoidal

A

Simple motion; a sine wave.

62
Q

Work

A

Product of the force on an object and the distance over which the force acts.

Expressed in joules (J).

W = F x d

63
Q

Square law

A

Principle that states that one can compensate for a change in the source - to - object distance by changing the mAs by the factor SID squared.

64
Q

Amplitude

A

Width of a waveform

Amplitude is 1/2 the range from crest to valley over which the sine wave varies.

65
Q

Orgrans

A

Collection of tissues of similar structure and function.

66
Q

Law of conservation of energy

A

Principle that states that energy may be transformed from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed; the total amount of energy is constant.

67
Q

Field of view

A

Image matrix size provided by digital x-ray imaging systems.

68
Q

Photon

A

Electromagnetic radiation that has neither mass nor electric charge but interacts with matter as though it is a particle.

X-rays and gamma rays

Photons interact with matter most easily when the matter is approximately the same size as the photon wavelength.

X-Rays behave as though they are particles.

Visible light behaves like a wave.

69
Q

Emulsion

A

Material with which x-rays or light photons from screens interact and transfer information.

70
Q

Radiofrequency

A

Electromagnetic radiation with frequencies from 0.3 kHz to 300 GHz ; Magnetic resonance imaging uses RF in the range of approximately 1 to 100 mHz.

71
Q

Transparent

A

Surface that allows light to be transmitted almost unaltered.

72
Q

Crookes tube

A

Forerunner of modern fluorescent, neon, and x-ray tubes.

73
Q

Inverse square law

A

Law that states that the intensity of radiation at a location is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from the source of radiation.

74
Q

Inverse Square Law Pt 2

A
75
Q

X-rays / Gamma Rays

A

The only difference between x-rays and gamma rays is their origin.

Visible light is identified by wavelength, radiofrequency is identified by frequency, and x-rays are identified by energy.

Radiologic Physics (1 decks)

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