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Physical Geology 111 ("Understanding Earth") > Chapter 3: Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

anion

A

A negatively charged ion.

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2
Q

atom

A

The smallest unit of an element that retains the element’s physical and chemical properties.

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3
Q

atomic mass

A

The sum of an atom’s protons and neutrons

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4
Q

atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (or number of electrons).

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5
Q

bedding

A

The formation of parallel layers of sediment as particles settle to the bottom of the sea, a river, or a land surface

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6
Q

cation

A

A positively charged ion.

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7
Q

chemical and biochemical sediments

A

New chemical substances that form by precipitation when some of a rock�s components dissolve during weathering and are carried in river waters to the sea.

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8
Q

chemical reaction

A

The interaction of the atoms of two or more chemical elements in certain fixed proportions that produces a new chemical substance.

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9
Q

cleavage

A

(1) The tendency of a crystal to break along flat planar surfaces. (2) The geometric pattern produced by such breakage.

Described by the number of planes (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, etc)

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10
Q

color

A

A property of a mineral imparted by transmitted or reflected light. Either transmitted through or reflected by crystals, irregular masses, or a streak.

Most noticeable, least useful property

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11
Q

contact metamorphism

A

Metamorphism resulting from heat and pressure in a small area, as in rocks in contact with and near an igneous intrusion. Changes in the mineralogy and texture of rock resulting from the heat and pressure in a small area, such as the rocks near and in contact with an igneous intrusion.

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12
Q

covalent bond

A

A bond between atoms in which the outer electrons are shared.

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13
Q

crystal

A

An ordered three-dimensional array of atoms in which the basic arrangement is repeated in all directions.

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14
Q

crystal habit

A

The shape in which a mineral�s individual crystals or aggregates of crystals grow.

Most common are cubic or hexagonal

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15
Q

crystallization

A

The growth of a solid from a gas or liquid whose constituent atoms come together in the proper chemical proportions and ordered three-dimensional arrangement.

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16
Q

density

A

The mass per unit volume of a substance, commonly expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. (Compare specific gravity.)

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17
Q

electron

A

A negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom.

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18
Q

electron sharing

A

The mechanism by which a covalent bond is formed between the elements in a chemical reaction.

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19
Q

electron transfer

A

The mechanism by which an ionic bond is formed between the elements in a chemical reaction.

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20
Q

erosion

A

The set of processes that loosen soil and rock and move them downhill or downstream, where they are deposited as layers of sediment.

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21
Q

extrusive igneous rock

A

A fine-grained or glassy igneous rock formed from a rapidly cooled magma that erupts at the surface through a volcano.

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22
Q

foliation

A

A set of flat or wavy parallel planes produced by deformation.

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23
Q

fracture

A

The tendency of a crystal to break along irregular surfaces other than cleavage planes. (cleavage = 0)

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24
Q

hardness

A

A measure of the ease with which the surface of a mineral can be scratched.

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25
Q

hydrothermal solution

A

A hot water solution formed when circulating groundwater or seawater comes into contact with a hot magmatic intrusion, reacts with it, and carries off significant quantities of elements and ions released by the reaction, which may be deposited later as ore minerals.

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26
Q

igneous rock

A

A rock formed by the solidification of a magma, before or after it reaches the surface.(From the Latin ignis, meaning “fire.”)

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27
Q

intrusive igneous rock

A

A coarse-grained igneous rock that crystallized slowly when magma intruded into country rock deep in Earth�s crust.

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28
Q

ionic bond

A

A bond formed by electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge when electrons are transferred. (Compare covalent bond.)

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29
Q

isotope

A

One of two or more forms of atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different atomic masses.

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30
Q

lithification

A

The conversion of sediment into solid rock by compaction and cementation.

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31
Q

luster

A

The way in which the surface of a mineral reflects light to produce the shine of its surface, described by such subjective terms non-metallic (such as dull, glassy) or metallic.

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32
Q

metallic bond

A

A type of covalent bond in which freely mobile electrons are shared and dispersed among ions of metallic elements, which have the tendency to lose electrons and pack together as cations.

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33
Q

metamorphic rock

A

A rock formed by the transformation of preexisting solid rocks under the influence of high pressure and temperature.

34
Q

mineral

A

A naturally occurring, solid crystalline substance, generally inorganic, with a specific chemical composition.

35
Q

mineralogy

A

(1) The branch of geology that studies the composition, structure, appearance, stability, occurrence, and associations of minerals. (2) The relative proportions of a rock�s constituent minerals.

36
Q

Mohs scale of hardness (defn)

A

An empirical, ascending scale of mineral hardness based on the ability of one mineral to scratch another.

37
Q

neutron

A

An electrically neutral elementary particle in the nucleus of an atom, having an atomic mass of 1.

38
Q

nucleus

A

The center of an atom, comprising protons and neutrons and containing virtually all the mass of the atom.

39
Q

ore

A

A mineral deposit from which valuable metals can be recovered profitably.

40
Q

polymorph

A

One of two or more alternative possible crystal structures for a single chemical compound

41
Q

precipitate

A

(1) (verb) To drop out of a saturated solution as crystals. (2) (noun) The crystals that drop out of a saturated solution.

42
Q

proton

A

An elementary particle in the nucleus of an atom, having an atomic mass of 1 and a positive electrical charge of +1.

43
Q

regional metamorphism

A

Metamorphism caused by high pressures and temperatures that extend over large regions, as happens where plates collide.

44
Q

rock

A

A naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or, in some cases, nonmineral solid matter.

45
Q

rock cycle

A

The set of geologic processes that convert each type of rock into the other two types.

46
Q

sediment

A

A material deposited at Earth�s surface by physical agents (wind, water, and ice), chemical agents (precipitation from oceans, lakes, and rivers), or biological agents (organisms, living and dead).

47
Q

sedimentary rock

A

A rock formed as the burial product of layers of sediments (such as sand, mud, and calcium carbonate shells), whether they were laid down on the land or under the sea.

48
Q

siliciclastic sediment

A

Clastic sediment produced by the weathering of rocks composed largely of silicate minerals.

49
Q

specific gravity

A

The weight of a mineral in air divided by the weight of an equal volume of pure water at 4°C.

50
Q

streak

A

The color of the fine deposit of mineral dust left on an abrasive surface, such as a tile of unglazed porcelain, when a mineral is scraped across it.

Most give a white streak

51
Q

texture

A

The sizes and shapes of a rock�s mineral crystals and the way they are put together.

52
Q

vein

A

A sheetlike deposit of minerals precipitated in fractures or joints that are foreign to the host rock.

53
Q

weathering

A

The general process that breaks up rocks into fragments of various sizes by a combination of physical fracturing and chemical decomposition.

54
Q

magma

A

Hot, molten rock

55
Q

oxides

A

A class of minerals that are compounds of the oxygen anion (O²-) and metallic cations

56
Q

silicate

A

The most abundant class of minerals in Earth’s crust, composed of oxygen (O) and silicon (Si), mostly in combination with cations of other elements

57
Q

sulfate

A

A class of minerals that are compounds of the sulfate anion (SO4²-) and metallic cations

58
Q

sulfide

A

A class of minerals that are compounds of the sulfide anion (S²-) and metallic cations

59
Q

trace element

A

An element that makes up less than 01 percent of a mineral

60
Q

carbonate

A

A class of minerals composed of carbon and oxygen-in the form of the carbonate anion (CO3²-)-in combination with calcium and magnesium

61
Q

ion

A

An atom or group of atoms that has an electrical charge, either positive or negative, because of the loss or gain of one or more electrons

62
Q

disseminated deposit

A

A deposit of ore minerals that is scattered through volumes of rock much larger than a vein

63
Q

grain

A

A crystalline particle of a mineral.

64
Q

chemical sediment

A

A sediment formed at or near its place of deposition from dissolved materials that precipitate from water. (Compare biological sediment.)

65
Q

biological sediment

A

A sediment formed near its place of deposition as a result of direct or indirect mineral precipitation by organisms. (Compare chemical sediment.)

66
Q

striations

A

Grooves or ridges across the surface of a rock

67
Q

Examples of non-minerals

A
  • Synthetics
  • Liquids or gasses
  • Glass
  • Coal
68
Q

4 types of chemical bonds

A
  • Ionic
  • Covalent
  • Metallic
  • Van Der Waals
69
Q

zoning

A

layers of mineral build with temperature changes and changing composition (such as from 100% calcium -> 90% sodium)

70
Q

conchoidal fracture

A

when a mineral fractures like glass (like the scoop shape of broken glass)

71
Q

8 most common physical properties of minerals

A
  • hardness
  • cleavage
  • luster
  • color
  • streak
  • specific gravity/density
  • fracture
  • crystal habit
72
Q

lesser common physical properties of minerals

A
  • effervescence
  • magnetism
  • florescence
  • biorefraction
73
Q

2 most common minerals in Earth’s crust

A

oxygen and silicon

74
Q

2 most common elements in the universe

A

hydrogen and helium

75
Q

aphanetic

A
  • Igneous rock texture

* Fine texture

76
Q

phaneritic

A
  • Igneous rock texture

* Coarse-grained texture

77
Q

glassy

A
  • Igneous rock texture

* Just glass - no minerals

78
Q

porphyoblastic

A
  • Igneous rock texture
  • Large crystals in fine-grained mass
    (also called “porphry” for short)
79
Q

pegmatitic

A
  • Igneous rock texture

* Huge crystals (bigger than thumb)

80
Q

of elements that occur naturally in rocks and minerals

A

88

81
Q

Van Der Waals force

A

A weak attractive force between atoms or non-polar molecules caused by a temporary change in dipole moment arising from a brief shift of orbital electrons to one side of one atom or molecule, creating a similar shift in adjacent atoms or molecules.

Physical Geology 111 ("Understanding Earth") (6 decks)

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