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GCSE Biology Yr 10 > Chapter 3- Digestion > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

Give two examples of organisms?

A

Humans and plants

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2
Q

Give two examples of organ systems

A

The digestive system and circulatory system.

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3
Q

Give two examples of organs

A

Stomach and heart

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4
Q

Give two examples of tissues

A

Epithelial tissue and muscle.

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5
Q

Give two examples of cells

A

Epithelial cells and muscle cells

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6
Q

Give two examples of molecules

A

Enzymes- protiens and contractile protiens.

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7
Q

What is the order of digestion?

A

Mouth-> Oesophagus (gullet) —> Stomach —> Duodenum —> pancreas —> liver —> small intestine (IIeum) —> colon (large intestine)—> rectum —> anus!!!

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8
Q

What happens in the mouth?

A

The teeth breakdown the food into smaller pieces and the tongue mixes the food with the enzyme.
It then rolls the food in a ball ready for swallowing.

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9
Q

What happens in the Oesophagus ( gullet)

A

The ball of food (bolus) moves down the gullet into the stomach.
This is called peristalsis.

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10
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A

The food is mixed with the protease enzymes, mucus and hydrochloric acid.
The hydrochloric acid does NOT DIGEST anything. It kills any bacteria on the food.
The mucus protects the stomach wall from the acid.

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11
Q

What happens in the duodenum?

A

First 20cm of small intestine. The liver and pancreas have ducts into this area.

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12
Q

What happens in the pancreas?

A

Produces pancreatic carbohydrase, protease and lipase (fats) into the start of the small, intestine.

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13
Q

What happens in the liver?

A

Bile is released into the start of the small intestine and neutralizes the stomach acid, emulsifies the stomach fat (breaks them into smaller particles) and makes it easier for the lipase to work.

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14
Q

What happens in the small intestine?

A

Where the digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream.

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15
Q

What happens in the large intestine

A

Where water is absorbed into the blood stream.

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16
Q

What happens in the rectum?

A

Stores the faeces until you are ready to go to the toliet.

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17
Q

What happens in the anus?

A

The undigested and unwanted food passes out of the body.

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18
Q

Where is amylase made? (Breams down starch)

A

The salivary glands, the pancreas and small intestine.

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19
Q

Where is protease made? (Breaks down proteins )

A

The stomach (called pepsin there)
The pancreas
The small intestine

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20
Q

Where is lipase made? (Breaks down lipids, which are fats)

A

The pancreas and small intestine.

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21
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A form of protien that acts as a biological catalyst. They speed up the chemical reaction of digesting different food components, and do not change during the process.
They have an active site that is very specific for one type of molecule.

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22
Q

Product of carbohydrates broken down by amylease?

A

Simple sugars like maltose and dextrins

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23
Q

Product of proteins broken down by protease?

A

Amino acids

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24
Q

Product of fats and oils broken down by lipease?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids.

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25
Q

What is the process of binding the substrate and enzyme?

A

1.The correct enzyme will have a complimentary active sight to the substrate.
2. The substrate fits exactly into the active site, forming an Enzyme- substrate complex.
3. The binding places stress on the bonds in the substrate and splits it up.
4. The products are released and the cycle repeats.

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26
Q

What factors effect an enzymes peformance?

A

Temperature, pH, concentration of enzyme or substance.

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27
Q

What happens if an enzymes is in the incorrect environment ?

A

If the environment is too hot, or has the incorrect pH, then the enzyme will become denatured and can then never be reused.

28
Q

If an enzyme reaches an optimum pH or temperature then..

A

It increases the rate of the enzymes performance ( it works better)

29
Q

Define active site.

A

The site on an enzyme where the reactants bind.

30
Q

Define denature

A

Changes the shape of an enzyme so that it can no longer speed up a reaction.

31
Q

Define emulsification

A

The process where lipids are broken down into tiny droplets which will form an emulsion (mixture of water and lipid).

32
Q

Define “lock and key” model

A

A model used to explain the way in enzymes work (substrate onto active site etc)

33
Q

What is a group of similar cells called?

A

Tissue

34
Q

Where does digestion take place?

A

In the stomach and small intestine?

35
Q

What type of tissue is found in the stomach and used to churn its contents?

A

The muscular tissue.

36
Q

Type of tissue that produces digestive juices in the stomach?

A

Glandular tissue

37
Q

What is the first and second job of bile?

A

To neutralize the hydrochloric acid then to break down (emulsify) the fat to speed up lipease digestion and create a bigger surface area.

38
Q

What is a complex carbohydrate?

A

A type of carbohydrate that is insoluble, has a slow release of energy and is large, which means it forms long chains.

39
Q

How do you test different food groups?

A

Starch is tested with iodine
Sugar is tested with Benedict’s solution
Protein is tested with biurets solution
Lipids is tested with emulsion.

40
Q

What does a semi- quantitive test mean?

A

Uses words but potentially numbers (word description)

41
Q

What is catalase and what does it do?

A

A naturally occurring enzyme inside the cells of living organisms. It breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.

42
Q

What regent is used for starch, sugar, protein and lipids?

A

Starch- iodine
Sugar- benedicts
Protein- biurets
Lipids- emulsion test

43
Q

What are proteins?

A

Made of long chains of amino acids joined together.
Helps with structural growth to muscle and immunity with antibodies. These long chains fold into unique shapes and all have different functions, enzymes and hormones.

44
Q

Functions of lipids?

A

Insulate your organs, waterpoof to prevent dehydration, protects body and organs. Concentrated energy storage.

45
Q

Why do you use ethanol and not water to test for lipids in food?

A

Because fats dissolve in ethanol, and reacts to give a cloudy solution.

46
Q

How do you know if a lipid chain is unsaturated?

A

The double bond is broken, because you digest it easily.

47
Q

What is amylease?

A

Breaks down starch into maltose/ glucose in the mouth/ small intestine

48
Q

What is protease?

A

Breaks down proteins into amino acids in the stomach/ small intestine.

49
Q

What is a simple sugar?

A

A soluble substance used for fast energy, like glucose or maltose.

49
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

Eating the right variety of nutrients in the correct quantities.

50
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

It stores food, and breaks it down using enzymes. The waste is removed and all essential substances are absorbed.

51
Q

What is the epithelial tissue?

A

It covers the inside and outside of an organ.

52
Q

What effect does temperature have on enzymes?

A

As temp rises= kinetic energy of enzyme increases, so there are more collisions and so more reactions between substrate and enzyme.

53
Q

What is a lipease?

A

Turns lipids into fatty acids in the small intestine ONLY.

54
Q

What type of tissue produces enzymes?

A

Glandular

55
Q

Test for lipids

A
  1. Place small amount of foods into test tubes and mash the different foods.
  2. Cover with ethanol and mash
  3. Shake and leave for one minute
  4. Add a few drops of water to the tube
  5. Milky color will form is lipid is present.
56
Q

What color will substance will go if lipids are present?

A

Milky color.

57
Q

Test for sugar?

A

1.Place foods in test tubes.
2. Add enough benedicts to cover food
3. Place test tube in hot water for ten mins.
4. The blue benedicts will turn red on heating if sugar is present.

58
Q

What color will substance go if sugars are present?

A

Green, yellow or brick red

59
Q

Test for starch?

A
  1. Place different foods on spotting tile.
  2. Add a few drops of iodine solution
  3. The iodine will change color if starch is present.
60
Q

What color will substance go if starch present?

A

Blue-black

61
Q

Test for protien?

A
  1. Place different foods in test tube
  2. Add 1cm cubed of biuret reagent
  3. Blue buiret reagent turns purple if protien is present.
62
Q

What color will substance go if protein present?

A

Purple.

63
Q

Define organ system and organ.

A

Organ system- A group of organs working together to perform a particular function.
Organ- a group of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function.

64
Q

What is qualitative ?

A

A word description

65
Q

What is quantitive?

A

Involves numbers.

66
Q

How do cells exchange materials?

A

Diffusion- iodine can move from a high to low concentration, so it must be diffusing.

GCSE Biology Yr 10 (6 decks)

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