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Medical Terminology > Chapter 3: Definitions > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Definitions Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

disease

A

any disorder of normal body function.

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2
Q

what are the types of disease?

A
  1. infectious diseases
  2. degenerative diseases
  3. neoplasia
  4. immune disorders
  5. metabolic disorders
  6. hormonal disorders
  7. mental and emotional disorders
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3
Q

infectious disease

A

caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi (yeasts and molds), protozoa (single celled animals), and worms (helminths)

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4
Q

pathogen

A

disease causing agent

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5
Q

degenerative disease

A

results from wear and tear, aging, or trauma that can lead to a lesion and perhaps necrosis (death of tissue)
ex: arthritis, cv problems

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6
Q

neoplasia

A

the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue

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7
Q

immune disorders

A

failures of immune system, allergies, and autoimmune diseases, in which the body makes antibodies to its own tissues.

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8
Q

metabolic disorder

A

result from lack of enzymes or other factors needed for cellular functions.

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9
Q

hormonal disorders

A

caused by underproduction or overproduction of hormones or by an inability of the hormones to function properly.
ex: DM

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10
Q

mental and emotional disorders

A

affect the mind and adaptation of an individual to his or her environment

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11
Q

eitiology

A

cause of a disease

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12
Q

sepsis

A

presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the body

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13
Q

inflammation
in-flah-MA-shun

A

localized response to tissue injury characterized by heat, pain, rednesss, and swelling

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13
Q

benign
be-NINE

A

not recurrent or malignant, favorable for recovery, describing a tumor that doesn’t spread

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14
Q

carcinoma
adjective: carinomatous
kar-sih-NO-mah

A

malignant neoplasm composed of epithelial cells
(greek root carcino = crab)

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15
Q

cyst
sist

A

abnormal filled sac or pouch
root meaning =a normal bladder or sac
cyst/o

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16
Q

edema
adjective: edematous
eh-DE-mah

A

accumulation of fluid in the tissues, swelling.

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17
Q

etiology
e-te-OL-o-je

A

cause of a disease

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18
Q

gram stain

A

lab stain diving bacteria into 2 groups: gram positive (purple) and gram negative (red)

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19
Q

hernia
HER-ne-ah

A

protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening. (rupture)

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20
Q

lesion
LE-zhun

A

distinct area of damaged tissue, an injury or wound

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21
Q

malignant
MAH-LIG- nant

A

growing wore, harmful, tending to cause death, describing an invasive tumor that can spread (metastasize) to other tissues

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22
Q

metastasis
meh-TAS-tah-sis

A

spread form one part of the body to another
verb: metastasize (meh-TAS-tah-size)
adjective: metastatic Z(met-ah-STAT-ik)
greek= met/a (beyond, change) + stasis (stand)

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23
Q

necrosis
neh-KRO-sis

A

death of tissue
necr/o= death
adj: necrotic (neh-KROT-ik)

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24
Q

parasite
PAR-ah-site

A

an organism that grows on or in another organism (host), causing damage to it

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25
Q

pathogen
PATH-o-jen

A

organism capable of causing disease
root path/o= disease

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26
Q

phagocytosis
fag-o-si-TO-sis

A

ingestion of organisms, such as invading bacteria or small particles of waste material by a cell
phag/o = to eat

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27
Q

prolapse
PRO-laps

A

a dropping or downward displacement of an organ or part

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28
Q

pus

A

a product of inflammation consisting of fluid and white blood cells
root= py/o

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29
Q

sarcoma
sar-KO-mah

A

malignant neoplasm arising from connective tisse
greek root sacro = flesh
adj: sarcomatous

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30
Q

acid-fast stain

A

lab staining procedure used mainly to identify the TB organism

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31
Q

communicable

A

capable of passing from one person to another

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32
Q

endemic

A

occurring at a low level but continuously in a given region, such as the common cold

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33
Q

epidemic

A

affecting many people in a given region at the same time, a disease that breaks out in a large proportion of a population

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34
Q

exacerbation

A

worsening of disease, increase in severity of a disease or its symptoms

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35
Q

iatrogenic

A

caused by the effects of treatment
iatro (greek)= physician

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36
Q

idiopathic

A

having no known cause
idio (root) = self originating

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37
Q

in situ

A

localized, noninvasive; said of tumors that do not spread

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38
Q

nosocomical

A

an infection acquired in a hospital which can be a serious problem, esp if resistant to abx
nos/o = disease
comial = hospital

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39
Q

opportunistic

A

describing an infection that occurs because of a hosts poor or altered condition

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40
Q

pandemic

A

describing a disease that is prevalent throughout an entire region or the world

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41
Q

remission

A

a lessening of disease symptoms, the period during which such lessening occurs

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42
Q

septicemia

A

presence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood, blood poisoning

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43
Q

systemic

A

pertaining to the whole body

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44
Q

adhesion

A

a uniting of two surfaces or parts that may normally be separated

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45
Q

anaplasia

A

lack of normal differentiation, as shown by cancer cells

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46
Q

ascites

A

accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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47
Q

cellulitis

A

spreading of inflammation in tissue

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48
Q

effusion

A

escape of fluid into a cavity or other body part

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49
Q

exudate

A

material that escapes from blood vessels as a result of tissue injury

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50
Q

fissure

A

a groove or split

51
Q

fistula

A

an abnormal passage between two organs or from an organ to the surface of the body

52
Q

gangrene

A

death of tissue, usually caused by lack of blood supply

53
Q

hyperplasia

A

excessive growth of normal cells in normal arrangement

54
Q

hypertrophy

A

an increase in the size of an organ without increase in the number of cells; may result from an increase in activity

55
Q

induration

A

hardening, an abnormally hard spot or place

56
Q

metaplasia

A

conversion of cells to a form that is not normal for that tissue
meta- = change

57
Q

polyp

A

a tumor attached by a thin stalk

58
Q

purulent

A

forming or containing pus

59
Q

suppuration

A

pus formation

60
Q

AF

A

acid fastC

61
Q

CA, Ca

A

cancer

62
Q

CIS

A

carcinoma in situ

63
Q

FUO

A

fever of unknown origin

64
Q

Gm+

A

gram positive (purple)

65
Q

Gm-

A

gram negative (red)

66
Q

MDR

A

multidrug resistant

67
Q

cineradiography

A

motion picture of successive images on fluoroscopic screen

68
Q

CT

A

computer generated image from a large number of xrays at different angles; 3D; reveals more about soft tissues

69
Q

MRI

A

production of images through the use of a magnetic field

70
Q

PET

A

sectional body images by administration of a natural substance; ex: glucose.

71
Q

radiography

A

xrays

72
Q

scintigraphy

A

imaging the radioactivity distribution in tissues after internal administration of radioactive substance (bone scans)

73
Q

SPECT

A

permits visualization of a radiosotopes cross sectional distribution

74
Q

ultrasonography

A

generation of visual image from the echos of high frequency sound waves traveling back from different tissues

75
Q

palliative therapy

A

treatment that provides relief but is not intended as a cure

76
Q

Bougie

A

slender, flexible instrument for exploring and dilating tubes

77
Q

cannula

A

tube enclosing a trocar that allows escape of fluid or air after removal of the trocar

78
Q

clamp

A

instrument used to compress tissue

79
Q

elevator

A

instrument for lifting tissue or bone

80
Q

gigli saw

A

flexible wire saw

81
Q

hemostat

A

small clamp for stopping blood flow from a vessel

82
Q

rasp

A

surgical file

83
Q

retractor

A

used to maintain exposure by separating a wound and holding back organs or tissues

84
Q

rongeur

A

gouge forceps

85
Q

sound

A

instrument for exploring a cavity or canal

86
Q

trocar

A

shar pointed instrument contained in a cannula used to puncture a cavity

87
Q

auscultation

A

listening for sounds within the body, usually within the chest or abdomen

88
Q

biopsy

A

removal of small amount of tissue for microscopic examination

89
Q

cautery

A

destruction of tissue by a damaging agent, such as chemical, heat, or electric current

90
Q

excision

A

removal by cutting (suffx= -ectomy)

91
Q

fixation

A

holding or fastening a structure in a firm position (suffix = -pexy)

92
Q

immunotherapy

A

treatment that involves stimulation or suppression of the immune system

93
Q

incision

A

a cut, as for surgery; also the act of cutting
(suffix = -tomy)

94
Q

ophthalmoscope

A

instrument for examining the interior of the eye

95
Q

otoscope

A

instrument used to examine the ears

96
Q

palpation

A

examination by using hands or fingers on the surface of the body

97
Q

percussion

A

tapping the body lightly

98
Q

sign

A

objective evidence of diseae that can be observed or tested
ex: fever, bp, rash, etc

99
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

BP cuff

100
Q

stethoscope

A

instrument used for listening to sounds produced within the body

101
Q

suture

A

to unite parts by stitching them together

102
Q

symptom

A

subjective evidence of disease as experienced by the individual

103
Q

holistic healthcare

A

practice of treating a person as a whole entity with physical, emotional, social and spiritual needs

104
Q

homeopathy

A

philosophy of treating disease by administering drugs in highly diluted form along with promoting healthy life habits

105
Q

osteopathy

A

system of therapy based on the theory that the body can overcome disease when it has normal structure, favorable environment, and proper nutrition

106
Q

clubbing

A

enlargement of the end of the fingers and toes because of soft tissue growth of the nails

107
Q

colic

A

acute abd pain associated with smooth muscle spasms

108
Q

cyanosis

A

bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen

109
Q

diaphoresis

A

profuse sweating

110
Q

malaise

A

feeling of discomfort or uneasiness

111
Q

nocturnal

A

pertaining to or occurring at night (noct/i & nyct/o = night)

112
Q

pallor

A

paleness, lack of color

113
Q

prodrome

A

sx indicating an approaching disease

114
Q

syncope

A

temp loss of consciousness because of inadequate blood flow to the brain; fainting

115
Q

alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

A

a fetal protein that appears in the blood of adults with certain types of cancer

116
Q

bruit

A

a sound, usually abnormal, heard in auscultation

117
Q

facies

A

the expression or appearance of the face

118
Q

nuclear medicine

A

the branch of medicine concerned with the use of radioactive substances for diagnosis, therapy, and research

119
Q

speculum

A

an instrument for examining a canal (think*papsmears)

120
Q

clysis

A

introduction of fluid into the body, other than orally

121
Q

paracentesis

A

puncture of a cavity for removal of fluid

122
Q

prophylaxis

A

prevention of disease

123
Q

HEENT

A

head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat

124
Q

HPI

A

history of present illness

125
Q

IPPA

A

inspection
palpation
percussion
auscultation

Medical Terminology (12 decks)

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