Chapter 3: Definitions Flashcards
disease
any disorder of normal body function.
what are the types of disease?
- infectious diseases
- degenerative diseases
- neoplasia
- immune disorders
- metabolic disorders
- hormonal disorders
- mental and emotional disorders
infectious disease
caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi (yeasts and molds), protozoa (single celled animals), and worms (helminths)
pathogen
disease causing agent
degenerative disease
results from wear and tear, aging, or trauma that can lead to a lesion and perhaps necrosis (death of tissue)
ex: arthritis, cv problems
neoplasia
the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue
immune disorders
failures of immune system, allergies, and autoimmune diseases, in which the body makes antibodies to its own tissues.
metabolic disorder
result from lack of enzymes or other factors needed for cellular functions.
hormonal disorders
caused by underproduction or overproduction of hormones or by an inability of the hormones to function properly.
ex: DM
mental and emotional disorders
affect the mind and adaptation of an individual to his or her environment
eitiology
cause of a disease
sepsis
presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the body
inflammation
in-flah-MA-shun
localized response to tissue injury characterized by heat, pain, rednesss, and swelling
benign
be-NINE
not recurrent or malignant, favorable for recovery, describing a tumor that doesn’t spread
carcinoma
adjective: carinomatous
kar-sih-NO-mah
malignant neoplasm composed of epithelial cells
(greek root carcino = crab)
cyst
sist
abnormal filled sac or pouch
root meaning =a normal bladder or sac
cyst/o
edema
adjective: edematous
eh-DE-mah
accumulation of fluid in the tissues, swelling.
etiology
e-te-OL-o-je
cause of a disease
gram stain
lab stain diving bacteria into 2 groups: gram positive (purple) and gram negative (red)
hernia
HER-ne-ah
protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening. (rupture)
lesion
LE-zhun
distinct area of damaged tissue, an injury or wound
malignant
MAH-LIG- nant
growing wore, harmful, tending to cause death, describing an invasive tumor that can spread (metastasize) to other tissues
metastasis
meh-TAS-tah-sis
spread form one part of the body to another
verb: metastasize (meh-TAS-tah-size)
adjective: metastatic Z(met-ah-STAT-ik)
greek= met/a (beyond, change) + stasis (stand)
necrosis
neh-KRO-sis
death of tissue
necr/o= death
adj: necrotic (neh-KROT-ik)
parasite
PAR-ah-site
an organism that grows on or in another organism (host), causing damage to it
pathogen
PATH-o-jen
organism capable of causing disease
root path/o= disease
phagocytosis
fag-o-si-TO-sis
ingestion of organisms, such as invading bacteria or small particles of waste material by a cell
phag/o = to eat
prolapse
PRO-laps
a dropping or downward displacement of an organ or part
pus
a product of inflammation consisting of fluid and white blood cells
root= py/o
sarcoma
sar-KO-mah
malignant neoplasm arising from connective tisse
greek root sacro = flesh
adj: sarcomatous
acid-fast stain
lab staining procedure used mainly to identify the TB organism
communicable
capable of passing from one person to another
endemic
occurring at a low level but continuously in a given region, such as the common cold
epidemic
affecting many people in a given region at the same time, a disease that breaks out in a large proportion of a population
exacerbation
worsening of disease, increase in severity of a disease or its symptoms
iatrogenic
caused by the effects of treatment
iatro (greek)= physician
idiopathic
having no known cause
idio (root) = self originating
in situ
localized, noninvasive; said of tumors that do not spread
nosocomical
an infection acquired in a hospital which can be a serious problem, esp if resistant to abx
nos/o = disease
comial = hospital
opportunistic
describing an infection that occurs because of a hosts poor or altered condition
pandemic
describing a disease that is prevalent throughout an entire region or the world
remission
a lessening of disease symptoms, the period during which such lessening occurs
septicemia
presence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood, blood poisoning
systemic
pertaining to the whole body
adhesion
a uniting of two surfaces or parts that may normally be separated
anaplasia
lack of normal differentiation, as shown by cancer cells
ascites
accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
cellulitis
spreading of inflammation in tissue
effusion
escape of fluid into a cavity or other body part
exudate
material that escapes from blood vessels as a result of tissue injury
fissure
a groove or split
fistula
an abnormal passage between two organs or from an organ to the surface of the body
gangrene
death of tissue, usually caused by lack of blood supply
hyperplasia
excessive growth of normal cells in normal arrangement
hypertrophy
an increase in the size of an organ without increase in the number of cells; may result from an increase in activity
induration
hardening, an abnormally hard spot or place
metaplasia
conversion of cells to a form that is not normal for that tissue
meta- = change
polyp
a tumor attached by a thin stalk
purulent
forming or containing pus
suppuration
pus formation
AF
acid fastC
CA, Ca
cancer
CIS
carcinoma in situ
FUO
fever of unknown origin
Gm+
gram positive (purple)
Gm-
gram negative (red)
MDR
multidrug resistant
cineradiography
motion picture of successive images on fluoroscopic screen
CT
computer generated image from a large number of xrays at different angles; 3D; reveals more about soft tissues
MRI
production of images through the use of a magnetic field
PET
sectional body images by administration of a natural substance; ex: glucose.
radiography
xrays
scintigraphy
imaging the radioactivity distribution in tissues after internal administration of radioactive substance (bone scans)
SPECT
permits visualization of a radiosotopes cross sectional distribution
ultrasonography
generation of visual image from the echos of high frequency sound waves traveling back from different tissues
palliative therapy
treatment that provides relief but is not intended as a cure
Bougie
slender, flexible instrument for exploring and dilating tubes
cannula
tube enclosing a trocar that allows escape of fluid or air after removal of the trocar
clamp
instrument used to compress tissue
elevator
instrument for lifting tissue or bone
gigli saw
flexible wire saw
hemostat
small clamp for stopping blood flow from a vessel
rasp
surgical file
retractor
used to maintain exposure by separating a wound and holding back organs or tissues
rongeur
gouge forceps
sound
instrument for exploring a cavity or canal
trocar
shar pointed instrument contained in a cannula used to puncture a cavity
auscultation
listening for sounds within the body, usually within the chest or abdomen
biopsy
removal of small amount of tissue for microscopic examination
cautery
destruction of tissue by a damaging agent, such as chemical, heat, or electric current
excision
removal by cutting (suffx= -ectomy)
fixation
holding or fastening a structure in a firm position (suffix = -pexy)
immunotherapy
treatment that involves stimulation or suppression of the immune system
incision
a cut, as for surgery; also the act of cutting
(suffix = -tomy)
ophthalmoscope
instrument for examining the interior of the eye
otoscope
instrument used to examine the ears
palpation
examination by using hands or fingers on the surface of the body
percussion
tapping the body lightly
sign
objective evidence of diseae that can be observed or tested
ex: fever, bp, rash, etc
sphygmomanometer
BP cuff
stethoscope
instrument used for listening to sounds produced within the body
suture
to unite parts by stitching them together
symptom
subjective evidence of disease as experienced by the individual
holistic healthcare
practice of treating a person as a whole entity with physical, emotional, social and spiritual needs
homeopathy
philosophy of treating disease by administering drugs in highly diluted form along with promoting healthy life habits
osteopathy
system of therapy based on the theory that the body can overcome disease when it has normal structure, favorable environment, and proper nutrition
clubbing
enlargement of the end of the fingers and toes because of soft tissue growth of the nails
colic
acute abd pain associated with smooth muscle spasms
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
malaise
feeling of discomfort or uneasiness
nocturnal
pertaining to or occurring at night (noct/i & nyct/o = night)
pallor
paleness, lack of color
prodrome
sx indicating an approaching disease
syncope
temp loss of consciousness because of inadequate blood flow to the brain; fainting
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
a fetal protein that appears in the blood of adults with certain types of cancer
bruit
a sound, usually abnormal, heard in auscultation
facies
the expression or appearance of the face
nuclear medicine
the branch of medicine concerned with the use of radioactive substances for diagnosis, therapy, and research
speculum
an instrument for examining a canal (think*papsmears)
clysis
introduction of fluid into the body, other than orally
paracentesis
puncture of a cavity for removal of fluid
prophylaxis
prevention of disease
HEENT
head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat
HPI
history of present illness
IPPA
inspection
palpation
percussion
auscultation
