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Teaching Pronunciation > Chapter 3 - Consonants (and Sound System Overview) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Consonants (and Sound System Overview) Flashcards

1
Q

phoneme

A

the sound differences that distinguish words

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2
Q

allophone

A

sounds that are perceptibly different but do not distinguish words

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3
Q

contrastive distribution

A

phonemes function as minimally distinctive units of sound that can alter the meaning of a word

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4
Q

positional variation

A

the various allophones of a phoneme that are produced depends on where it occurs in a given word

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5
Q

phonemic alphabet

A

an inventory of all of the phonetic sounds used for a language or a variety of that language

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6
Q

voicing

A

whether the vocal cords are vibrating, it’s one of the three main dimensions that distinguish consonants,

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7
Q

oral cavity

A

in the production of sounds, one of the two passageways that the air passes through - the mouth

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8
Q

nasal passageway

A

in the production of sounds, one of the two passageways that the air passes through - the nose

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9
Q

articulator

A

the movable part of the articulatory system – e.g. the tongue and the lower lip

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10
Q

uvula

A

the small moveable flap of the soft palate

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11
Q

velum

A

the soft palate which moves to open or close the nasal passageway

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12
Q

segmental

A

the inventory of vowel and consonant sounds of a language

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13
Q

suprasegmental

A

stress, rhythm, connected speech, prominence and intonation

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14
Q

Place of articulation

A

Where the sound is made (i.e., where contact with the articulator occurs)

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15
Q

Manner of articulation

A

How the airflow is affected

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16
Q

Larynx

A

The voice box; where the vocal cords reside

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17
Q

Alveolar ridge

A

The area just behind the front teeth

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18
Q

Dental

A

One place of articulation; produced with tip on or near the inner surface of the upper teeth

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19
Q

Palatal

A

One place of articulation; produced with the tongue blade or body near the hard palate

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20
Q

Glottal

A

One place of articulation; air passing from the windpipe through the vocal cords

21
Q

Velar

A

One place of articulation; produced with the body of the tongue on or near the soft palate

22
Q

Soft palate

A

The area behind the hard palate

23
Q

Hard palate

A

The area behind the alveolar ridge

24
Q

Stop / Plosive

A

One manner of articulation; when the airstream is blocked or stopped completely before being released as an “explosion”

25
Q

Fricative

A

One manner of articulation; when the articulatory organs come close but do not touch—the sound is produced through friction.

26
Q

Continuant

A

A sound that can be made as long as there is air in the lungs. This includes all vowels and some types of consonants (fricative, for example).

27
Q

Affricate

A

One manner of articulation, combining elements of a stop and a fricative. The airstream is first stopped and allowed to build up, but is then released with friction.

28
Q

Nasal

A

One manner of articulation; when the airstream passes through the nasal cavity rather than the oral cavity.

29
Q

Alveolar ridge

A

The area just behind the teeth.

30
Q

Approximant

A

A sound where the airstream moves around the tongue and out of the mouth in a relatively unobstructed manner. Includes liquids and glides/semivowels.

31
Q

Liquids

A

/l/ and /r/

32
Q

Glides / Semivowels

A

/y/ and /w/

33
Q

Lateral consonant

A

A consonant where the airstream flows along the side of the tongue (basically /l/)

34
Q

Light / Clear

A

The form of /l/ where the air passes over one or both sides of the tongue with the tip of the tongue touching the alveolar ridge (as in ‘listen’).

35
Q

Dark / Velarized

A

The form of /l/ where air passes over the body of the tongue, which is bunched up in the velar area (as in ‘call’).

36
Q

Retroflex /r/

A

The form of /r/ where the tongue tip curls back into the mouth behind the alveolar ridge and the lips are slightly rounded. Most common version described in EFL/ESL textbooks.

37
Q

Bilabial

A

One place of articulation; produced where the lips meet.

38
Q

Syllable initial

A

One of the five places consonants can occur; at the beginning of the syllable

39
Q

Syllable final

A

One of the five places consonants can occur; at the end of a syllable

40
Q

Initial clusters

A

One of the five places consonants can occur; in a cluster of consonants at the beginning of a syllable

41
Q

Final clusters

A

One of the five places consonants can occur; in a cluster at the end of a syllable

42
Q

Positional restriction

A

The range of syllable positions in which a consonant can occur

43
Q

Aspiration

A

A brief puff of air that accompanies some consonant allophones; in English, mainly /p, t, k/

44
Q

Release

A

When the process of articulation is completed

45
Q

Flap / tap

A

A phenomenon in NAE where a sound like /d/ is produced, except the tongue touches or flaps against the alveolar ridge only very briefly. Occurs when /t/ or /d/ follows a vowel (or /r/) and precedes an unstressed syllable.

46
Q

Sibilants

A

Fricative consonants with a high-pitched, turbulant sound.

47
Q

Syllabic consonant

A

A consonant that has an allophone that can function as a weak vowel without the support of the vowel sound. In English, /n/ and /l/.

48
Q

Glottalized

A

Articulated with a momentary blockage of the airstream in the vocal cords

49
Q

Glottal stop

A

A sound formed with the vocal cords close tightly so that air cannot pass between them

Teaching Pronunciation (3 decks)

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