chapter 3 comparative cultures quiz Flashcards
pastoral nomads
groups of people who moved periodically or seasonally due to their dependence on domesticated herds that seek pasturage.
Transhumant herders
groups of people who lived closer to agricultural settlements, and migrated seasonally to pasture their livestock.
what parts of the world did pastoral people migrate from?
- The Arabian desert
- Mesopotamia
- the Iranian plateau in the west
- river valley
- Yellow river valley
Pastoral nomads migrated from southern Russia or primarily inner Eurasia steps
what areas did pastoral people bring into closer connection?
- The Arabian Desert and SE Mesopotamia
- The Arabian Desert to South
- Asia and the Indus River valley
- Central Asia to the Arabian plateau
How did pastoral migrations affect settled, agriculture-based societies?
- Herders and pastoral migrants brought new ideas and innovations to these already-established civilizations. An example of this is the chariot, which was to be used as warfare and entertainment in the future.
- Alongside this, they brought new pressures. Drought and food shortages led to the overthrowing of ruling elites across Afro-Eurasia
Hyksos
A Western, Semitic-speaking people, meaning “rulers of foreign lands”, that immigrated or invaded Upper Egypt and overthrew the 13th Dynasty.
Amorites
Meaning “Westerner”, a group of transhumant herders, rustic migrants that invaded Mesopotamian cities.
Hammurapi’s Code
one of the world’s oldest and most complete written legal codes, a 282-rule cuneiform engraving of the Babylonian King’s code of laws.
Hittites
A people group of chariot warriors that came from Anatolia and dominated the commercial area, traded with and fought the Babylonians and Egyptians.
What factors allowed for the expansion of the Egyptian New Kingdom?
-Development of religious and political institutions, increasing state power and greater prosperity and trade
Using spirituality and cult belief to unify the kingdom, which also brought power to the god Amun and the current pharaoh
Prosperity from the development of institutions brought a rise of urban-class merchants, who would use their skills and wealth to create new opportunities
Indulgence of leisure and expressing art at events like banquets
Middle-class people became more mobile and autonomous
Expanding civilized territory and utilizing expedition for the sole purpose of gaining materials to trade
Luring of pastoral nomads
What factors led to the rise of territorial states in Southwest Asia?
- The breakdown of original civilisations because of drought, corruption, loss of agrarian land, invasion of foreigners (Amorites), demise of old city-state models
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Describe the impact Transhumant herders and pastoral nomads had on settled communities in Egypt and Southwest Asia.
Restoration of order
Increasing wealth by trade and expansion
Helping the cultural realm flourish – diffusion, assimilation, new people constantly
What materials they offered from their goods: leather, bones, wools and artisanals
where did Indo-European migration originate?
Originated in Anatolia and the plains of Eastern Europe, north of the Black and Caspian Seas in present day Ukraine and southern Russia.
Where did Indo-European migrations spread to.
Western Europe, Central and South Asia
Semitic
relating to or denoting a family of languages that includes Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic and certain ancient languages such as Phoenician and Akkadian, constituting the main subgroup of the Afro-Asiatic family
what relationships does the table suggest among the Semitic and Indo-European languages?
It suggests the Indo-European languages are all quite similar in pronunciation. It would be easier for the people in the Indo Europe area to communicate with each other because they might have a very brief understanding. All of these languages have different characters in writing.
Microsocieties
small-scale, fragmented, and dispersed communities that had limited interaction with one another.
Minoan
a distinct Bronze Age civilization which flourished on the Mediterannean island of Crete.
Mycenae
are proto-Greeks, a late Bronze Age civilization founded in the Peloponnesian peninsula of Greece.
Where did the Austronesians come from?
- Coastal south China
- Taiwan
Austronesians
a large group of peoples in Taiwan, Malay Peninsula, parts of Mainland Southeast Asia, Maritime Southeast Asia, Micronesia, coastal New Guinea, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar that speak Austronesian languages.
Why, unlike other migratory people during the 2nd millennium BCE, did Austronesian settlers in Polynesia become a world apart?
- They didn’t integrate the islands together or into the mainland culture, making them all remain distinct
- Polynesia is a subregion of Oceania, made up of more than 1000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The indigenous people who inhabit the islands of Polynesia are called Polynesians. They have many things in common, including language relatedness, cultural practices, and traditional beliefs.
Why did islands like Crete and Cyprus flourish during the 2nd millennium BCE?
Crete the sea was the basis of their economy and power.
The Minoans traded extensively around the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean. They exported agricultural products and luxury crafts, often in exchange for raw metal which was difficult to obtain on Crete.
recorded a tradition that Crete had 90 cities. The site at Knossos was the most important one.
Through traders and artisans, their cultural influence reached beyond Crete to the Cyclades, Cyprus, Egypt, Italy, Anatolia, and the Levant.
What were the differences between the Mycenaean and Minoan cultures?
The Minoans were mainly farmers and traders, while the Mycenaeans were a warlike society.
the Mycenaean society was oriented towards war and expansion, and it showed in their art.
The Minoan Civilization was a flourishing culture that engaged in trade and commerce with a developed agricultural polity
Mycenae was one of the major centers of Greek civilization, a military stronghold which dominated much of southern Greece.
Mycenae was a powerful city-state, rivalling and later superseding that of Knossos, the center of Minoan culture on Crete
Who was the Egypt and Hittite Peace Treaty between?
Khetasar, Great Chief of Kheta and Ramses II, Great Ruler of Egypt
What are the terms of the Peace Treaty?
- Peace and good brotherhood between them forever
All generations down the line should have the same peace with each other
There shall be no hostilities
No entering each others territory
They shall not provoke each other
If there is outside threat, they are unified, one team in battle
