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Business English 2 > Chapter 3: CEO Activism > Flashcards

Chapter 3: CEO Activism Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Financier

A

a person concerned in the management of large amounts of money on behalf of governments or other large organizations.

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2
Q

Financial report

A

information that a company gives about its finances

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3
Q

Financial performance

A

how well, or badly, a company is doing from a financial point of view

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4
Q

Chief finance officer (CFO)

A

the top financial position in an organization.

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5
Q

Balance sheet

A

a statement of the assets, liabilities, and capital of a business or other organization at a particular point in time, detailing the balance of income and expenditure over the preceding period.

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6
Q

Profit and loss (P&L) account

A

a financial report that shows how much your business has spent and earned over a specified time.

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7
Q

Cashflow statement

A

a financial statement that shows how cash entered and exited a company during an accounting period.

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8
Q

Preliminary

A

preceding or done in preparation for something fuller or more important.

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9
Q

Prelims

A

abbreviation for preliminary.

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10
Q

Interim

A

relating to less than a full year’s business activity.

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11
Q

Dividends

A

a sum of money paid regularly (typically annually) by a company to its shareholders out of its profits (or reserves).

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12
Q

Shareholder

A

a person or institution that has invested money in a corporation in exchange for a “share” of the ownership.

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13
Q

To issue

A

the action of supplying or distributing an item for use, sale, or official purposes.

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14
Q

Share

A

represents ownership of a company.

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15
Q

Bond

A

a loan taken out by a company from investors rather than a bank.

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16
Q

Interest

A

the amount of money a lender or financial institution receives for lending out money.

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17
Q

Bond market

A

the buying and selling of various debt instruments issued by a variety of entities.

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18
Q

Loan

A

a thing that is borrowed, especially a sum of money that is expected to be paid back with interest.

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19
Q

Bondholder

A

an investor or the owner of debt securities that are typically issued by corporations and governments. Bondholders are essentially lending money to the bond issuers.

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20
Q

Undervalue

A

rate (something) insufficiently highly; fail to appreciate.

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21
Q

Overvalue

A

fix the value of (something, especially a currency) at too high a level.

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22
Q

Accruals principle

A

an accounting concept that requires transactions to be recorded in the time period in which they occur, regardless of when the actual cash flows for the transaction are received.

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23
Q

Accruals method

A

an accounting concept that requires transactions to be recorded in the time period in which they occur, regardless of when the actual cash flows for the transaction are received.

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24
Q

Cost of goods sold (COGS)

A

the sum of all direct costs associated with making a product.

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25
Q

Labour costs

A

cost of employees’ salaries

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26
Q

Depreciation

A

a reduction in the value of an asset over time, due in particular to wear and tear.

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27
Q

Corporation tax

A

a tax on the profits of a corporation.

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28
Q

Turnover

A

the amount of money taken by a business in a particular period.

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29
Q

Omit

A

fail or neglect to do.

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30
Q

Retain

A

continue to have (something); keep possession of.

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31
Q

Securities

A

investments in other companies

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32
Q

Tangible

A

perceptible by touch, a physical object.

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33
Q

Goodwill

A

the value that the company thinks it has as a functioning organisation with its existing customers

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34
Q

Wear out

A

be used until no longer in good condition or working order.

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35
Q

Obsolete

A

no longer produced or used; out of date.

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36
Q

Amortization

A

the process of repayment of debt through periodic installments over a period of time.

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37
Q

Book value

A

the indicated value of an asset at a particular time

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38
Q

Market value

A

the price an asset would fetch in the marketplace, or the value that the investment community gives to a particular equity or business.

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39
Q

Liabilities

A

everything a company owes

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40
Q

Creditor

A

a person or company to whom money is owing.

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41
Q

Overdraft

A

when the company spends more money than it has in its bank account

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42
Q

Current liabilities

A

debts a company must pay within a normal operating cycle, usually less than 12 months.

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43
Q

Long-term liabilities

A

debts a company owes third-party creditors that are payable beyond 12 months.

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44
Q

Tax payable

A

money owed to the tax authorities

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45
Q

Credit period

A

the number of days that a customer is allowed to wait before paying an invoice.

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46
Q

Net cashflow from operations

A

money generated by the sales of the company’s goods or services, minus the money spent on supplies.

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47
Q

Inflows

A

money coming into a company in a particular period

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48
Q

Outflows

A

money coming out of a company in a particular period

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49
Q

Net cash position

A

the position of a company with regard to its liquidity position.

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50
Q

EBITDA

A

Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization.

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51
Q

Return on assets (ROA)

A

a financial ratio that indicates how profitable a company is in relation to its total assets.

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52
Q

Spare capacity

A

when a business is not making full use of its available capacity.

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53
Q

To sweat assets

A

Using relatively fewer resources compared to similar companies to generate a higher level of profits

54
Q

Return on equity (ROE)

A

a measure of a company’s financial performance that shows the relationship between a company’s profit and the investor’s return.

55
Q

Income leverage

A

when one uses borrowed funds (debt) for funding the acquisition of assets in the hopes that the income of the new asset or capital gain would surpass the cost of borrowing.

56
Q

Interest cover

A

the number of times a company could pay the interest out of its operating profit

57
Q

Leverage

A

the ratio of a company’s loan capital (debt) to the value of its ordinary shares (equity); gearing.

58
Q

Over-leverage

A

when a company has too much debt, impeding its ability to make principal and interest payments and to cover operating expenses.

59
Q

Deleverage

A

reduce the level of one’s debt by rapidly selling one’s assets.

60
Q

Yield

A

an amount produced of an agricultural or industrial product.

61
Q

earnings per share (EPS)

A

a measure of a company’s profitability, calculated by dividing quarterly or annual income (minus dividends) by the number of outstanding stock shares

62
Q

Shares outstanding

A

the total number of shares issued and actively held by stockholders.

63
Q

Price-earnings ratio (PE ratio)

A

the ratio of share price of a stock to its earnings per share (EPS).

64
Q

Return on investment (ROI)

A

A calculation of the monetary value of an investment versus its cost.

65
Q

Shareholder value

A

the value given to stockholders in a company based on the firm’s ability to sustain and grow profits over time.

66
Q

Divestment

A

the action or process of selling off subsidiary business interests or investments.

67
Q

Auditor

A

a person authorized to review and verify the accuracy of financial records and ensure that companies comply with tax laws.

68
Q

Audit

A

an official inspection of an organization’s accounts, typically by an independent body.

69
Q

Cook the books

A

alter facts or figures dishonestly or illegally.

70
Q

Overstate

A

state too strongly; exaggerate.

71
Q

Understate

A

describe or represent (something) as being smaller or less good or important than it really is.

72
Q

Fraud

A

wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain.

73
Q

Corporate collapse

A

the insolvency or bankruptcy of a major business enterprise.

74
Q

Regulators

A

government agencies checking that the law is applied

75
Q

Auditor rotation

A

the principle that companies should be obliged to change their auditors regularly.

76
Q

Conflict of interests

A

a situation in which the concerns or aims of two different parties are incompatible.

77
Q

Financial reporting council (FRC)

A

council promotes transparency and integrity in business

78
Q

GAAP

A

generally accepted accounting principles

79
Q

FASB

A

Financial accounting standards board

80
Q

IAS

A

International accounting standards

81
Q

Standard

A

something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations.

82
Q

Bodies

A

organizations

83
Q

IOSCO

A

International organization of security commissions

84
Q

SEC

A

Securities and exchange commission

85
Q

Regulatory power

A

an entities right to control financial activities.

86
Q

Oversight

A

control

87
Q

Key indicator

A

something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations.

88
Q

Jobs market

A

how many people are in employment and how many are out of work or unemployed.

89
Q

Out of work

A

unemployed

90
Q

Unemployed

A

(of a person) without a paid job but available to work.

91
Q

Employed

A

(of a person) having a paid job.

92
Q

Disposable income

A

what people have available to spend after buying essentials such as food, electricity, etc.

93
Q

Consumer borrowing

A

how much people have borrowed in loans, on their credit cards, etc.

94
Q

Mortgage

A

loans to buy property.

95
Q

Housing market

A

the supply and demand for houses, usually in a particular country or region.

96
Q

Interest rates

A

how much it costs to borrow money

97
Q

Central bank

A

a public institution that is responsible for implementing monetary policy, managing the currency of a country, or group of countries, and controlling the money supply.

98
Q

Inflation

A

how fast prices are rising.

99
Q

Financial market

A

any place or system that provides buyers and sellers the means to trade financial instruments, including bonds, equities, the various international currencies, and derivatives.

100
Q

Stock market

A

a stock exchange.

101
Q

Trade balance

A

how much the country is importing and exporting.

102
Q

Trade surplus

A

the amount by which the value of a country’s exports exceeds the cost of its imports.

103
Q

Trade gap

A

a situation in which a country buys more from other countries than it sells to other countries.

104
Q

Exchange rate

A

the price of one currency in terms of another currency.

105
Q

Government spending

A

the amount the government is paying for everything that it provides.

106
Q

Budget surplus

A

when government’s tax revenue is more than government spending.

107
Q

Budget defecit

A

occurs when government expenses exceed revenue.

108
Q

Trough

A

a point of low activity or achievement.

109
Q

Prosperity

A

the condition of being successful or thriving.

110
Q

Expansion

A

the action of becoming larger or more extensive.

111
Q

Peak

A

highest point of activity or achievement.

112
Q

Contraction

A

the process of becoming smaller.

113
Q

Shrink

A

become or make smaller in size or amount.

114
Q

Bottom out

A

to reach a lowest or worst point usually before beginning to rise or improve.

115
Q

Reach a trough

A

to reach a low level, price, etc. before going up again.

116
Q

Boom

A

grow fast

117
Q

Signs of overheating

A

risks

118
Q

Soft landing

A

a moderate economic slowdown following a period of growth.

119
Q

Recession

A

a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in GDP in two successive quarters.

120
Q

Depression

A

a long and severe recession in an economy or market.

121
Q

Slump

A

a prolonged period of abnormally low economic activity, typically bringing widespread unemployment.

122
Q

Boom and bust cycle

A

alternating phases of economic growth and decline typically found in modern capitalist economies.

123
Q

Bubble

A

an economic cycle characterized by rapidly increasing prices of an asset to a point that is unsustainable, causing the asset to burst or contract in value.

124
Q

Credit crunch

A

a sudden sharp reduction in the availability of money or credit from banks and other lenders.

125
Q

Sub-prime

A

credit or loan arrangements for borrowers with a poor credit history, typically having unfavourable conditions such as high interest rates.

126
Q

NINJA

A

No income, no job or assets

127
Q

Toxic assets

A

an asset that has lost all or most of its value

128
Q

Rating agencies

A

commercial agencies that publish risk levels.

129
Q

Full-blown

A

fully developed.

130
Q

Deflation

A

when consumer and asset prices decrease over time, and purchasing power increases.

131
Q

Gallop

A

(of a process or event) progressing in a rapid and seemingly uncontrollable manner.

Business English 2 (3 decks)

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