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CHS Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 3 Cells, Quiz #2 (slides slides 44 to 92) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Cells, Quiz #2 (slides slides 44 to 92) Flashcards

1
Q

Cells that connect body parts:

A

Fibroblasts

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2
Q

True or False, Fibroblasts are found in connective tissue.

A

True

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3
Q

What are Fibroblasts?

A

Elongated cells which secrete cable-like fibers. Contains high amounts of RoughER that produce proteins to make the fibers.

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4
Q

The professional name for a Red Blood Cell:

A

Erythrocytes

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5
Q

What are Erythrocytes?

A

No organelles and high
surface area allows the
cells to carry oxygen (they mature in about a week).

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6
Q

Cells that cover and line body organs:

A

Epithelial cells

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7
Q

What are Epithelial cells?

A

Composed of tightly packed cells. Contains intermediate filaments that resist
tearing when rubbed or pulled.

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8
Q

Cells that move organs and body parts:

A

Skeletal muscle cell

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9
Q

What are Skeletal muscle cells?

A

Elongated cells filled with contractile filaments which shorten and move bones and change the size of internal organs.

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10
Q

Cell that stores nutrients:

A

Fat Cell

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11
Q

What are Fat Cells?

A

The shape is produced by the large lipid droplet which stores fat.

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12
Q

Cell that fights disease:

A

Macrophage

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13
Q

What is a Macrophage:

A

A phagocytic cell that moves throughout the body using pseudopodia (false feet) as it digests infectious microorganisms. Contains high amounts of lysosomes to digest the infections.

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14
Q

Cell that gathers information and controls body functions:

A

Nerve cell (neuron)

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15
Q

What is a nerve cell (neuron)?

A

Has long extensions called processes which receive and transmit messages to other structures in the body. Cytoplasmic Extensions.

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16
Q

Cells of reproduction:

A

Sperm/Egg cells

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17
Q

What is the professional name for an egg cell?

A

Oocyte

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18
Q

What is a sperm cell?

A

Streamlined for swimming to the egg.

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19
Q

What is a Oocyte/Egg cell?

A

the largest cell in the body contains several copies of all of the organelles to be given to the
daughter cells that will result from fertilization.

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20
Q

Solution definition:

A

homogeneous mixture of two or more components.

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21
Q

Solvent definition:

A

dissolving medium; typically water in the body

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22
Q

Solute definition:

A

components in smaller quantities within a solution that are being dissolved.

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23
Q

Intracellular fluid definition:

A

solution within the cell. Contains dissolved gases like O2 and CO2, dissolved nutrients and salts. Ex. Nucleoplasm and Cytosol.

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24
Q

Interstitial fluid definition:

A

solution on the exterior of the cell. Contains thousands of substances: Organic monomers, salts, hormones, waste products. Nutrient Rich “Soup”.

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25
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

plasma membrane which allows some materials to pass through, while excluding others from passing. This permeability influences movement both into and out of the cell.

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26
Q

Membrane transport:

A

movement of substances into and out of the cell.

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27
Q

Passive transport:

A

Transport that has no energy as a requirement.

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28
Q

Diffusion:

A

the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower.

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29
Q

Filtration:

A

process by which water & solutes are forced through the membrane by hydrostatic pressure.

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30
Q

Concentration Gradient:

A

the difference in concentration
of a substance across a given area or space.

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31
Q

Equilibrium:

A

Overtime, the molecules will reach a point at which they are evenly distributed across the area or space.

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32
Q

True or False, Molecules move based on their State of Matter.

A

True

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33
Q

Gas:

A

Highest K.E. Rapid, Random, Constant motion.

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34
Q

Liquid:

A

High K.E. Flow.

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35
Q

Solid:

A

Low K.E. Vibration.

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36
Q

For a molecule to move & permeate a membrane without energy, it must move with the _________________________________

A

Concentration Gradient

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37
Q

What are the three factors which determine membrane permeability?

A

Size of the molecule, the type of molecule, and the molecular structure of the membrane.

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38
Q

Non polar:

A

will pass through the lipid bilayer because the bilayer is composed of the non polar, hydrophobic tails. Ex. CO2 and O2 are non polar and will dissolve in the lipids so they pass in & out easily.

39
Q

Ionic or Polar:

A

will not pass through the lipid bilayer because the hydrophobic tails of the bilayer will not let them through.

40
Q

What are the two ways that Polar & Ionic substances can enter the cell?

A

Protein channels and Protein Carriers.

41
Q

Protein Channels:

A

the proteins embedded in the membrane

42
Q

Protein Carriers:

A

carried through the membrane by embedded proteins

43
Q

What is Aquaporin?

A

Water which is polar passes through the protein channels easily due to its size & polarity.

44
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

An unassisted process. Solutes are lipid-soluble or small
enough to pass through the
protein channels. Ex. O2, CO2, fats, & fat-soluble vitamins.

45
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Simple diffusion of water. Highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through Aquaporins “water pores”. Water moves based on the concentration of solutes in the solution.

46
Q

Hypotonic:

A

lower amount of solutes, more water.

47
Q

Hyperotonic:

A

higher amount of solutes, less water.

48
Q

Isotonic:

A

equal amounts of solutes.

49
Q

“Water always flows from _____”

A

HYPO

50
Q

When are Red Blood Cells at a normal state?

A

Isotonic, Water flows both
directions evenly
Equilibrium.

51
Q

When are Red Blood Cells shrinking?

A

Hypetonic state.

52
Q

When are Red Blood Cells expanding/bursting?

A

Hypotonic state.

53
Q

What is the destruction of the Red Blood Cell?

A

Hemolysis

54
Q

What is the third type of Diffusion?

A

Facilitated diffusion

55
Q

Larger substances require
a _________ for passive transport through the membrane

A

Protein Carrier

56
Q

True or False, Protein Carriers are usually substance
specific.

A

True

57
Q

Lipid-insoluble substances
require a ____________ for passive transport through the membrane.

A

Protein Channel

58
Q

In the body, hydrostatic pressure is exerted by the _____

A

Blood

59
Q

True or False, A pressure gradient must exist.

A

True

60
Q

Filtration is not very _______, only substances that are too
large to pass through the membrane pores are held back

A

Selective

61
Q

Filtration is necessary for the ______ to do their job.

A

Kidneys

62
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

ATP is used for transport.

63
Q

Why might transports substances be unable to pass by diffusion?

A

Too large, not be able to permeate, against a concentration gradient (from low to high).

64
Q

What are Solute Pumps?

A

Amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by
protein carriers.

65
Q

True or False, ATP energizes the Solute Pumps.

A

True

66
Q

What is an example of a solute pump?

A

Sodium Potassium Pump uses ATP to move 3 Na+ out of the cell while bringing 2 K+ into the cell, against the concentration gradient.

67
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

Active transportation with a membranous vesicle involved.

68
Q

Exocytosis:

A

The process of moving
materials out of the cell
carried in a membranous vesicle.

69
Q

What is the exocytosis process?

A

Vesicle migrates to
the plasma membrane

Vesicle combines with
the plasma membrane

Material is emptied to
the outside.

70
Q

What is exocytosis used for?

A

to secrete hormones, mucus and eliminate cellular waste from the cell.

71
Q

Endocytosis:

A

The process of extracellular substances being engulfed into the cell by enclosing them in a membranous vesicle.

72
Q

Phagocytosis:

A

the engulfing of solid substances. “cell eating”

73
Q

Pinocytosis:

A

the engulfing of dissolved substances. “cell drinking”

74
Q

Receptor-Mediated endocytosis:

A

the engulfing of Specific substances into the cell. Protein receptors of the cell bind with specific substances and then both are enclosed in a vesicle.

(Ex. Enzymes, hormones, cholesterol & iron)

75
Q

A Cell’s life is made up of ____ major periods

A

Two

76
Q

What are the three phases of Interphase?

A

G1, S, G2.

77
Q

During Interphase, the cell _____

A

grows

78
Q

True or False, during Interphase the cell carries on the metabolic process of Protein Synthesis.

A

True

79
Q

What is the longest phase in a cell’s life?

A

Interphase

80
Q

What is DNA Replication?

A

Before a cell can divide into 2 identical daughter cell, it must
duplicate its Genetic material. Occurs toward the end of Interphase (S-phase).

81
Q

Process of DNA Replication:

A

1 First the DNA molecule must Untwist to expose the Nitrogen Base Code

2 DNA helicase attaches to the DNA ladder and begins to break the Hydrogen
bonds, Unzipping the two sides of the Double Helix (which acts as the Template)

*The point called the Replication Fork

3 DNA polymerase follows DNA helicase signaling the appropriate complementary
DNA Nucleotide to line up next to the original strand nucleotides N-Base
*DNA polymerase also causes the reformation of the hydrogen bonds between
the new complementary base pairs

4 Once complete, there are two identical copies of the DNA molecule

82
Q

Mitosis:

A

Cell’s nuclear material divides.

83
Q

Cell divides into two new cells by ______________

A

Cytokinesis

84
Q

Function of Cell Division?

A

to produce identical cells for the process growth and repair.

85
Q

Mitosis results in what?

A

Results in the formation of two identical daughter nuclei.

86
Q

Prophase (Cell Prepares):

A

First stage of mitosis. Centrioles migrate to the poles to direct assembly of mitotic spindle fibers attaching themselves to the chromosomes. DNA condenses into double-stranded chromosomes.

87
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The central point of a double-stranded chromosome.

88
Q

What breaks down and disappears during Prophase?

A

Nuclear envelope and nucleolus.

89
Q

Metaphase (Chromosomes move to the Middle):

A

Chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell on the metaphase plate.

90
Q

Anaphase (Chromatids are pulled Apart):

A

The spindle fibers vibrate causing the chromosomes to split at their centromeres.
As the spindle fibers retract, the chromatids are pulled apart & drawn toward the opposite ends of the cell. Cell begins to elongate.

91
Q

Telophase (Process Terminates):

A

Chromatids uncoil to become chromatin. Nuclear envelope reforms around chromatin
& Nucleolus reappears. Spindles fibers break down and disappear and the cell membrane begins to furrow.

92
Q

True or False, Mitosis is basically the same in all animals.

A

True

93
Q

Mitosis takes anywhere from _ minutes to ____________ hours to
complete. (Typically 2 hours).

A

5, several

94
Q

Cytokinesis:

A

division of the cytoplasm. Begins during late anaphase and completes during telophase. A cleavage furrow forms to pinch the cells into two parts. If Cytokinesis does not occur, multinucleated cells are formed.

CHS Anatomy & Physiology (1 decks)

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