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Biology > Chapter 3- Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the role of the nuclear envelope

A

The nuclear envelope controls the entry and exit of materials in and out of the cell. The outer layer has endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes on its surface

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2
Q

What is the role of nuclear pores

A

Nuclear pores allow a passage for large molecules e.g ribosomal RNA

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3
Q

What is the role of mitochondria

A

Mitochondria are the sites for aerobic respiration therefore responsible for the production of ATP.

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4
Q

What are cristae and explain their functions

A

Cristae are extensions of the inner membrane this increases surface area for attachment of enzymes and other proteins

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5
Q

What is a matrix and explain its function

A

Contains lipids, proteins, ribosomes and DNA. Matrix allows the mitochondria to control the production of own proteins

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6
Q

Where would more mitochondria be found and why

A

More mitochondria would be found in cells with a high metabolic rate as the mitochondria is responsible for the production of ATP

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7
Q

What are the roles of mitosis

A

Mitosis is used for growth

Repair and reproduction

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8
Q

What happens in the stage Prophase

A

Chromosomes become visible.
Chromosomes are drawn towards equator of the cell.
Nucleus disappears.
Nuclear envelope breaks open.

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9
Q

What happens in the stage telophase

A

Chromosomes reach poles and become longer and thinner.
Spindle fibres disintegrate
Nucleus and nuclear envelope reforms.
Cytoplasm divides in cytokinesis.

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10
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

Chromosomes alone up on the centre of the cell and spindle forms.

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11
Q

What happens in the stage of anaphase

A

Spindle fibre attach to chromatids contract.

Chromatids are pulled towards poles.

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12
Q

What happens in interphase

A

Chromosomes are invisible and replication of DNA

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13
Q

What are the strengths of a transmitter electron microscope (TEM)

A

Shorter wavelengths allows more focused images.
Better magnification.
High resolving power.

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14
Q

What are strengths of scanning electron microscope. (SEM)

A

A thin specimen is not needed.
Able to produce a 3D image.
High resolving power.

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15
Q

What are the weaknesses of a Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

A complex staining process is needed.
Artefacts may appear on the photo micrograph.
Must be in a vacuum.

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16
Q

What are the weaknesses of a Transmitter electron microscope (TEM)

A

Not in colour.
Complex staining process needed. Living organisms can’t be observed.
Thin specimen needed resulting in a 2D image.
Artefacts May appear on photomicrograph.

17
Q

What is the role of the cytoplasm

A

The cytoplasm allows substances to pass into and out of the cell.

18
Q

What do chloroplasts do

A

Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis.

19
Q

What are the role the Golgi body.

A

They add carbohydrates to form glycoproteins. They also produce secretory enzymes and form lysosomes.

20
Q

What are the roles of lysosomes

A

Lysosomes break down cells by exocytosis.

21
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) do

A

Provides a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and provides a pathway for transport of materials.

22
Q

What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).

A

Synthesis of lipids. Stores and transports carbohydrates.

23
Q

Explain differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell.

A

A prokaryote doesn’t have a true nucleus.
Prokaryotes have DNA in the form of a plasmid.
Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles.
Prokaryotes have no chloroplasts.
Eukaryotes have larger ribosomes (80S)
Eukaryotes don’t have a capsule.

24
Q

Explain the process of cell fractionation.

A

Tissue is placed in a cold, buffered solution which has the same water potential.
Then tissue goes through homogenisation.
Then goes through ultracentrifugation.

25
Q

Why are tissues placed in a cold solution

A

This reduces enzyme activity.

26
Q

What is the reason for tissues being placed in a solution of the same water potential

A

To prevent from bursting or shrinking due to osmotic gain or loss of water.

27
Q

Why is the solution which the tissue is placed in buffered.

A

So that the pH does not fluctuate.

28
Q

Explain the process of ultracentrifugation.

A

The tube of homogenate is spun at a slow speed.
Heaviest organelles are forced to the bottom of the tube forming a pellet.
The supermarket is removed and transferred to be spun at a faster speed.
2nd heaviest organelles forced to bottom forming pellet
Process continued with an increase in speed each time.

29
Q

What is the formula for magnification.

A

Magnification=

size of image/size of real object.

30
Q

Formula for size of real object.

A

Size of real object=

Size of image/magnification

Biology (6 decks)

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