Chapter 3 Cells

Question 1

During DNA replication, each tRNA molecule carries ______. As the tRNAs bind to mRNA, these link together creating ______.

Answer 1

An amino acid,
a peptide chain

Question 2

Cells reproduce themselves during _____ which includes _____ or _____.

Answer 2

cell division,
mitosis,
meiosis.

Question 3

Before cells divide, DNA is copied through the process of replication. The double helix is unzipped and new nucleotides bind to their complementary bases on the free strands, forming ____ duplicates of the original.

Answer 3

Two

Question 4

Mitosis begins in the____.

Answer 4

cell nucleus

Question 5

During mitosis, identical copies of DNA molecules organize into chromatid pairs within the chromosome structure. These pairs are connected to each other at the chromosome’s centromere. This phase is called

Answer 5

Prophase

Question 6

______ are produced through meiosis.

Answer 6

sex cells

Question 7

Meiosis differs from mitosis for the following reasons:

Answer 7

• it involves two cell divisions instead of one
• it produces four genetically unique cells rather than two identical clones of the parent
• sex cells can combine with another sex cell during fertilization to create offspring with genetic variation

Question 8

Cells produced by meiosis are haploid (___ chromosomes) and those produced by mitosis are diploid (___ chromosomes).

Answer 8

23, 46

Question 9

The male and female sex cells are called

Answer 9

Gametes

Question 10

Cytokinesis is defined as

Answer 10

cytoplasmic division

Question 11

The following are major types of body tissue:

Answer 11

• epithelial tissue
• connective tissue
• nervous tissue

Question 12

this folded membrane network synthesizes proteins and other substances

Answer 12

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

Complex organelle that consists of 3 to 20 cisternae

Answer 13

Golgi Complex

Question 14

Enzymes in the cisternae modify the proteins and pack them into transfer vesicles in this organelle

Answer 14

Golgi Complex

Question 15

Their function is to break down substances consumed by the cell or to recycle waste

Answer 15

Lysosomes

Question 16

Their function is to process and neutralize toxins, metabolize long chain fatty acids, and contribute to energy production.

Answer 16

Peroxisomes

Question 17

Contains the cells genetic information

Answer 17

Nucleus

Question 18

Molecules of DNA are arranged in bundles called ______

Answer 18

Chromosomes

Question 19

Use oxygen taken in by the cell to produce ATP

Answer 19

Mitochondria

Question 20

Synthesize proteins. Can be free or attached to rough ER

Answer 20

ribosomes

Question 21

What substances move in and out of cells?

Answer 21

Nutrients
Gases
Wastes

Question 22

The nucleus contains DNA molecules arranged in bundles called

Answer 22

Chromosomes

Question 23

During osmosis, if there is a hypotonic solution present around the cell then

Answer 23

There is a greater concentration of water outside the cell than inside it

Question 24

When the concentration of a substance is higher on one side of the cell’s selectively permeable membrane, certain molecules may move by osmosis or diffusion through the membrane without the cell using any energy. This process is called

Answer 24

Passive Transport

Question 25

When cells divide and multiply in the embryo and change in shape and structure, the process is called

Answer 25

Differentiation

Question 26

A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called

Question 27

A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is called

Question 28

All of the following membrane transport mechanisms are passive processes, except

Answer 28

movement of water. facilitated diffusion. diffusion. osmosis. * vesicular transport*

Question 29

Compared to the extracellular fluid, cytosol contains

Answer 29

a higher concentration of potassium ions. a lower concentration of dissolved proteins. almost no glycogen. a higher concentration of amino acids. almost no lipids.

Question 30

If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to

Answer 30

form the mitotic spindle. produce DNA. synthesize proteins. metabolize sugars. move.

Question 31

Most of a cell's DNA is located in its lysosomes. Golgi apparatus. ribosomes. nucleolus. nucleus.

Question 32

Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the cilia. cytoplasm. nucleus. endoplasmic reticulum. mitochondria.

Question 33

Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place at the Golgi apparatus. rough ER. ribosomes. smooth ER. mitochondria.

Question 34

The duplication of DNA is called ________, the copying of DNA to mRNA is called ________, and the reading of the mRNA by the cell to make a protein is called ________ .

Answer 34

replication, transcription, translation

Question 35

The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are RNA. genes. codons. ribosomes. chromosomes.

Answer 35

codons.

Question 36

The organelles and the watery component of the cell together is called

Answer 36

cytoplasm

Question 37

The plasma membrane is composed of

Answer 37

a bilayer of phospholipids.

Question 38

The process of forming mRNA is called

Answer 38

transcription.

Question 39

The process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called

Answer 39

translation.

Question 40

The smallest living unit within the human body is

Answer 40

the cell.

Question 41

The watery component of the cytoplasm is called

Answer 41

cytosol.

Question 42

Thymine is replaced by which nitrogen base in RNA?

Answer 42

uracil

Question 43

Two types of vesicular transport include

Answer 43

endocytosis and exocytosis.

Question 44

Which form of endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins?

Answer 44

Rough ER

Question 45

Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division?

Answer 45

microtubules