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Biology - Unit 2 > Chapter 3 - Cell Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Define eukaryotic cell

A

Contains a nucleus and membrane bound organisms

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2
Q

Summarise the structure of a plant cell

A
  • Cell wall of cellulose
  • Cell Membrane
  • Nucleus
  • SER and RER
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes (80S)
  • Vacuole
  • Lysosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
  • Golgi apparatus
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3
Q

Summarise the structure of an animal cell

A
  • Cell wall of cellulose
  • Cell Membrane
  • Nucleus
  • SER and RER
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes (80S)
  • Lysosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus
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4
Q

How are fungi and algae different from plants

A
  • Algae single celled

- Fungi have no chloroplasts and a cell wall made of chitin

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5
Q

Summarise the structure of a nucleus

A
  • Nuclear envelope with nuclear pores
  • Nucleolus for RNA
  • Chromatin
  • Nucleoplasm
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6
Q

Summarise the structure of the RER

A
  • Network of fluid filled membranes attached to nucleus
  • Covered in ribosomes
  • Modifies and folds proteins
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7
Q

Summarise the structure of the SER

A
  • Network of fluid filled membranes

- Synthesis, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates

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8
Q

Summarise the structure of the golgi apparatus

A
  • Group of fluid filled sacs
  • Modify and package proteins and lipids
  • Creates golgi vesicles and lysosomes
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9
Q

Summarise the structure of golgi vesicles

A
  • Made by golgi apparatus
  • Store and transport proteins and lipids
  • Can transport out of cell by exocytosis
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10
Q

Summarise the structure of a lysosome

A
  • Special golgi vesicle

- Contains digestive enzymes (lysozyme) that hydrolyse pathogens and old cell organelles

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11
Q

Summarise the structure of the mitochondria

A
  • Outer membrane
  • Inner membrane has folds called cristae
  • Matrix in the centre
  • Cristae provide surface area for production of ATP
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12
Q

Summarise the structure of the chloroplast

A
  • Outer membrane
  • Stacks of grana
  • Grana consist of thylakoids
  • Stroma
  • Starch grains
  • Lamellae to join grana
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13
Q

Summarise the structure of the cell wall

A
  • Strong, structural wall that prevents bursting
  • Plants and cellulose have cellulose
  • Fungi have chitin
  • Bacteria have murein
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14
Q

Summarise the structure of the vacuole

A
  • Contains sugars and salts

- Keeps cell turgid and rigid and may contain colour

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15
Q

Summarise the structure of ribosomes

A
  • Two subunits
  • Make proteins
  • Attached to RER
  • Made of proteins and RNA
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16
Q

Define specilaised cells

A

A cell that has evolved to carry out specific functions by having different adaptations to do this efficiently

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17
Q

Summarise how a cell builds an animal

A

Specialised cell - Tissue - Organ - Organ system - Animals

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18
Q

Define tissue

A

A group of specific cells working together to perform a specific function

19
Q

Define organ

A

A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function(s)

20
Q

Define organ system

A

A group of organism working together to perform a specific function

21
Q

Summarise how a protein is produced and secreted

A
  • Nucleus contains gene for transcription
  • Protein synthesis occurs
  • Protein transported to the golgi apparatus
  • This modifies the protein and may add carbohydrates
  • Protein packaged into a golgi vesicle
  • Vesicle is transported to the cell membrane and release contents by exocytosis as the vesicle fuses with the membrane
22
Q

Summarise the structure of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • Capsid
  • Cell wall of murein
  • Cell membrane
  • Loop of circular DNA
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes (70S)
  • Capsule
  • Flagellum
  • Plasmids (loop of DNA carrying useful genes)
23
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes (P and E)

A
  • P are singled celled bacterium and E are animals, plants and fungi
  • P have no nucleus, circular DNA, no histones and no introns
  • P have no membrane bound organelles
  • P has Small ribosomes (70S)
  • P has cell wall of murein
  • P have plasmids and sometimes a capsule
  • E have a nucleus present with linear DNA and histones and membrane bound organelles
  • E has 80S ribosomes
  • E does not have a plasmid and only plants and fungi have a cell wall of cellulose and chitin
  • E does not have a capsule
24
Q

Summarise the structure of a virus

A
  • Genetic material of either DNA or RNA
  • Capsid
  • Attachment proteins to attach to the host
  • Acellular so not living as they cannot reproduce without a host
25
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A
  • Attach to host
  • Insert genetic material
  • Virus reproduced
26
Q

Summarise the process of cell fractionation

A
  • Break cells open with homogeniser (homogenate)
  • Keep cold, isotonic and a buffer to prevent enzyme activity, osmosis and denaturation
  • Filter solution to remove cell debris and whole cells
  • Spin in centrifuge to move heaviest organelles into pellet
  • Remove supernatant and spin again to gain the desired organelle
27
Q

Summarise heaviest to lightest organelles

A
  • Nucleus
  • Chloroplasts
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosomes
  • ER
  • Ribosomes
28
Q

What are the three types of electrons?

A

Light, SEM and TEM

29
Q

Summarise a light microscope

A
  • Cheap
  • Easy
  • Colour image
  • Lower magnification and resolution due to wavelength of light
30
Q

Summarise a SEM

A
  • Better magnification and resolution than light microscopes due to shorter wavelength
  • 3D image
  • Do not need a thin section
  • Lower resolution than a TEM
  • Cannot see internal structures
  • Vacuum so not live
31
Q

Summarise a TEM

A
  • Better magnification and resolution than light microscopes due to shorter wavelength
  • Allowed internal structures to be seen
  • Artefacts due to slicing
  • No colour image
  • Slicing process complicated
32
Q

Summarise interphase

A
  • Chromosomes not visible
  • DNA replicates
  • Organelles replicate
33
Q

Summarise prophase

A
  • Chromosomes condense and become visible
  • Nuclear membrane breaks down
  • Centrioles move to the poles of the cell
34
Q

Summarise metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes line up on the equator

- Spindle fibres form and attach to chromosome via centromere

35
Q

Summarise anaphase

A
  • Centromere splits

- Spindle fibres contract and chromosomes moved to opposite ends of the cell (towards poles)

36
Q

Summarise telophase

A
  • Nuclear membrane reforms

- Cytokinesis occurs when the cytoplasm divides

37
Q

Define mitosis

A

Cell division to form 2 genetically identical daughter cells including 4 stages

38
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

For growth and repair

39
Q

What is cancer in simple biological terms?

A

An uncontrolled cell devision creating a malignant tumour

40
Q

How can cancer occur?

A
  • Mitosis controlled by genes
  • Gene mutates and so cell may divide rapidly
  • Tumour forms
41
Q

How is cancer treated?

A
  • Control or restrict cell devision
  • Kills normal cells too
  • As cancer cells divide more, more cancer cells are killed but other fast diving body cells are also affected
42
Q

What is the mitotic index?

A

Number of cells undergoing mitosis/total viewed

multiplied by 100

43
Q

Define binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction of a single celled organisms

44
Q

Summarise binary fission

A
  • Circular DNA replicates and moves to poles of the cell
  • Plasmids replicate
  • Cytoplasm divides to form two identical daughter cells
  • Each has a single copy of circular DNA

Biology - Unit 2 (3 decks)

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