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BRS Physio > Chapter 3-Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Chapter 3-Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Blood vessel with extensive elastic tissue and smooth muscle

A

Artery

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2
Q

Blood volume contained in arteries

A

Stressed volume

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3
Q

Site of highest resistance in cardiovascular system

A

Arterioles

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4
Q

Regulates arteriolar resistance

A

Autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

ANS receptirs found on arterioles of skin, splanchnic, and renal circulation

A

a1-Adrenergic receptors

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6
Q

ANS receptors found on arterioles of skeletal muscle

A

B2-adrenergic receptors

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7
Q

Blood vessel with largest total cross-sectional and surface area

A

Capillaries

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8
Q

Characteristic of capillary wall

A

Consist of a single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by basal lamina

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9
Q

Formed from merged capillaries

A

Venules

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10
Q

Contain the highest proportion of the blood in the cardiovascular system

A

Veins

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11
Q

Blood volume contained in veins

A

Unstressed volume

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12
Q

ANS receptors found in veins

A

a1-Adrenergic receptors

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13
Q

Formula of velocity of blood flow

A

v=Q/A
Q=blood glow (ml/min)
A=cross-sectional area

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14
Q

Blood flow is analogous to which law

A

Ohm’s law for electrical circuits

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15
Q

Blood flow formula

A

Q=∆P/R
∆P=pressure gradient
R=total peripheral resistance

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16
Q

Equation that gives factors that change the resistance of resistance

A

Poiseuille’s equation

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17
Q

Resistance is directly proportional to which factors

A

Viscosity of blood

Length of vessel

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18
Q

Resistance is inversely proportional to which factor

A

Fourth power of the vessel radius

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19
Q

Resistance illustrated by the systemic circulation

A

Parallel resistance

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20
Q

[T or F] When an artery is added in parallel, the total resistance increases

A

False-the total resistance decreases

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21
Q

[T or F] In parallel resistance, the total resistance is less than the resistance of any of the individual arteries

A

True

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22
Q

[T or F] In parallel resitance, the pressure is the same in each parallel artery

A

True

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23
Q

Resistance illustrated by arrangement of blood vessels within a given organ

A

Series resistance

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24
Q

[T or F] In series resistance, as blood flows throught the series of blood vessels, the pressure increases

A

False-the pressure decreases

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25
Q

Value which predicts whether blood flow will be laminar or turbulent

A

Reynolds’ number

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26
Q

[T or F] As blood viscosity decreases, turbulence increases

A

True

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27
Q

[T or F] Increased blood velocity decreases turbulence

A

False- increased blood velocity increases turbulence

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28
Q

Is a consequence of the fact that adjacent layers of blood travel at different velocities within a blood vessel

A

Shear

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29
Q

[T or F] Velocity of blood is zero at the wall and highest at the center of the vessel

A

True

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30
Q

[T or F] shear is highest at the wall and lowest at the center of the vessel

A

True

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31
Q

Describes the distensibility of blood vessel

A

Capacitance

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32
Q

Factor inversely related to capacitance

A

Elastance (or stiffness)

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33
Q

Formula of capacitance

A

C=V/P
V=volume
P=Pressure

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34
Q

Capacitance is directly proportional to __ and inversely proportional to __

A

Volume; Pressure

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35
Q

[T or F] Capacitance is much greater for arteries than for veins

A

False- capacitance is much greater for veins than for arteries

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36
Q

[T or F] Capacitance of the arteries decreases with age.

A

True

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37
Q

Where the largest decrease in pressure occurs in the cardiovascular system

A

Arterioles (site of highest resistance)

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38
Q

Mean pressure in the Aorta

A

100 mmHg

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39
Q

Mean pressure in the vena cava

A

4 mmHg

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40
Q

Highest arterial blood pressure during a cardiac cycle

A

Systolic pressure

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41
Q

When is systolic pressure measured

A

After the heart contracts (systole) and blood is ejected into the arterial system

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42
Q

Lowest arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle

A

Diastolic pressure

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43
Q

When is diastolic pressure measured

A

When the heart is relaxed (diastole) and blood is returndd to the heart via the veins

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44
Q

Difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures

A

Pulse pressure

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45
Q

Most important determinant of pulse pressure

A

Stroke volume

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46
Q

[T or F] Decreases in capacitance cause decreases in pulse pressure

A

False- decreases in capacitance cause increases in pulse pressure

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47
Q

Used to estimate left atrial pressure

A

Pulmonary wedge pressure

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48
Q

What does P wave represent?

A

Atrial depolarization

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49
Q

Span of PR interval

A

Beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the Q wave

50
Q

What does the PR interval represent?

A

Initial depolarization of the ventricle

51
Q

Factor affecting PR interval

A

Conduction velocity through the AV node

52
Q

[T or F] In heart block, the PR interval increases

A

True

53
Q

Stimulation of the ___ nervous system decreases PR interval while stimulation of the ____ increases PR interval.

A

Sympathetic; Parasympathetic

54
Q

Part of ECG representing depolarization of ventricles

A

QRS complex

55
Q

Span of QT interval

A

Beginning of the Q wave to the end of the T wave

56
Q

Part of ECG representing depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles

A

QT interval

57
Q

Span of the ST segment

A

From the end of S wave to the beginining of the T wave

58
Q

Isoelectric segment

A

ST segment

59
Q

Represents period when ventricles are depolarized

A

ST segment

60
Q

Represent ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

61
Q

Determining factor of the resting membrane potential of cardiac muscle

A

Conductance to K+

62
Q

Maintains ionic gradients across cell membranes

A

Na+- K+ ATPase

63
Q

Stable testing membrane potential of the ventricles, atria, and the Purkinje system

A

-90 mV

64
Q

Cause of upstroke in the phase 0 of ventricular action potential

A

Increased Na+ conductance, resultinvlg in inward Na+ current that depolarizes membrane

65
Q

Phase in ventricular action potential that apporaches equilibrium potential

A

Phase 0- upstroke

66
Q

Cause of initial repolarization in Phase 1 of ventricular action potential

A

Outward current due to movement of K+ ions out of the cell and decrease in Na+ conductance

67
Q

Plateau of ventricular action potential

A

Phase 2

68
Q

Cause of plateau of action potential

A

Transient increase in Ca2+ conductance, resulting in inward Ca2+ current and bu an increase in Ca2+ conductance- outward and inward currents are approx. Equal

69
Q

Phase of repolarization of ventricular action potential

A

Phase 3

70
Q

Cause of repolarization of ventricular action potential

A

Large outward K+ current (Ik) from high K+ conductance

71
Q

Phase of resting membrane potential

A

Phase 4

72
Q

In phase 0, the membrane potential approaches the __ equilibrium potential

A

Na+

73
Q

In phase 4, membrane potential approaches the __ resting potential

A

K+

74
Q

[T or F] SA node has a stable resting potential

A

False. SA node has an unstable resting potential.

75
Q

[T or F] SA node exhibits automaticity.

A

True.

76
Q

Latent pacemakers

A

AV node and His-Purkinje systems

77
Q

Order of intrinsic rate of phase 4 depolarization

A

SA node > AV node > His-Purkinje

78
Q

Cause of upstroke in phase 0 of SA node action potential

A

Inward Ca2+ current from Increased in Ca2+ conductance.

79
Q

[T or F] Phases 1 and 2 are not present in the SA node action potential.

A

True

80
Q

Phase of repolarization in SA node action potential

A

Phase 3

81
Q

Phase that accounts for the pacemaker activity of the SA node

A

Phase 4- slow depolarization

82
Q

Cause of slow depolarization of SA node

A

Inward Na+ (If) current from increased Na+ conductance.

83
Q

[T or F] If is turned on by repolarization of the membrane potential during the preceding action potential

A

True

84
Q

[T or F] Upstroke of the action potential in the AV node is the result of an inward Ca+ current, as in SA node

A

True

85
Q

Reflects the time required for excitation to spread throughout cardiac tissue

A

Conduction velocity

86
Q

Factor affecting conduction velocity

A

Size of the inward current during the upstroke

87
Q

Conduction velocity is fastest in ___ and slowest in ___.

A

Purkinje system; AV node

88
Q

Ability of cardiac cells to initiate action potentials in response to inward, depolarizing current

A

Excitability

89
Q

Reflects the time during which no action potential can be initiated, regardless of how much inward current is supplied

A

Absolute refractory period (ARP)

90
Q

When does the absolute refractory period occur?

A

Begins with the upstroke of the action potential and ends after the plateau

91
Q

Period during which a conducted action potential cannot be elicited

A

Effective refractory period

92
Q

Period during which an action potential can be elicited, but more than the usual inward current is required

A

Relative refractory period

93
Q

A __ chronotropic effect decreases heart rate by decreasing firing rate of the SA node

A

Negative

94
Q

A positive dromotropic effect ___ conduction velocity through the AV node and __the PR interval

A

Increases, decreases

95
Q

The nurotransmitter for parasympathetic vagal innervation if the SA node, atria, AV node is __ which acts at __ receptors

A

Acetylcholine; muscarinic

96
Q

Parasympathetic effects on heart rate

A

Decreases heart rate by decreasing rate of phase 4 depolarization through decreased If

97
Q

Parasympathetic dromotropic effect

A

Decreases conduction velocity through AV node through decreased inward Ca2+ current and increased outward K+ current

98
Q

__ is the neurotransmitter exerting sympathetic effect in the heart acting through the __ receptors

A

Norepinephrine; B1

99
Q

Sympathetic chronotropic effect

A

Increases heart rate through uncreased If

100
Q

Sympathetic dromotropic effect

A

Increases conduction velocity through AV nofr through increased inward Ca2+ current

101
Q

Contractile unit of the myocardiac cell

A

Sarcomere

102
Q

Maintain cell-to-cell cohesion

A

Intercalated disks

103
Q

Low-resistance paths between cells that allow for rapid electrical spread ofaction potentials and accounts for electrical syncytium

A

Gap junctions

104
Q

[T or F] Mitochondria are more numerous in skeletal muscle than in cardiac muscle.

A

False

105
Q

Form dyads with the sarcoplasmic reticulum and carry action potentials into the cell interior

A

T tubules

106
Q

Site of storage and release of Ca2+ for excitation-contraction coupling

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

107
Q

During the plateau of the action potential, inward Ca2+ current occurs through these channels

A

Dihydropyridine receptors

108
Q

Ca2+ release channels in the SR

A

Ryanodine receptors

109
Q

Steps in excitation-contraction coupling of myocardial cell

A

Action potential sprewds through T tubules.
During plateau of action potential, inward C2+ current occurs through L-type Ca2+ channels.
Ca2+ entry triggers release of more Ca2+ from SR.
Intracellular [Ca2+] rises.
Ca2+ binds to troponin C, removing the inhibition of actin and myosin binding.
Actin and myosin bind, thich and thin filaments slide past each other, the myocardial cell contracts.
Relaxatjon occurs when Ca2+ is reaccumulated by the SR by an active Ca2+-ATPase pump.

110
Q

Amount of Ca2+ released from SR depends on

A

Amount of Ca2+ previously stored in the SR

Size of inwatd Ca2+ current during action potential

111
Q

Intrinsic ability of cardiac muscle to develop force at a given muscle length

A

Inotropism

112
Q

Contractibility can be estimated by the __

A

Ejection fraction

113
Q

Positive staircase or Bowditch staircase (or Treppe)

A

Increased heart rate increases the force of contraction in a stepwise fashion as the intracellular [Ca2+] increases cumulatively over several beats.

114
Q

The beat that occurs after an extrasystolic beat has increased force of contraction because extra Ca2+ entered the cells.

A

Postextrasystolic potentiation

115
Q

Mechanisms by which sympathetic stimulation increase force of contraction

A

Increase inward Ca2+ current during plateau.

Increases activity of Ca2+ pump of the SR

116
Q

Increase the force of contraction by inhibiting Na+ K+-ATPase in the myocardial cell membrane

A

Cardiac glycosides/digitalis

117
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation ___ the force of cintractuon in the atria

A

Decreases

118
Q

Afterload for the left ventricle

A

Aortic pressure

119
Q

Afterload for the right ventricle

A

Pulmonary artery pressure

120
Q

Determines the maximum number of cross-bridges that can form between actin and myosin

A

Sarcomere length

121
Q

Frank-Starling relationship

A

Increases in end-diastolic volume can cause an increase in ventricular fiber length, which produces am increase in developed tension.

BRS Physio (1 decks)

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