Chapter 3: Cardiorespiratory Endurance Flashcards
Pulmonary Circulation
The part of the circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the lungs; controlled by the right side of the heart.
Systemic Circulation
The part of the circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body; controlled by the left side of the heart.
Atria
The two upper chambers of the heart in which blood collects before passing to the ventricles; also called auricles.
Systole
Contraction of the heart
Diastole
Relaxation of the heart
Blood Pressure
The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels; created by the pumping action of the heart. Blood pressure increases during systole and decreases during diastole.
Veins
Vessels that carry blood to the heart
Arteries
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries
Very small blood vessels that distribute blood to all parts of the body
Respiratory System
The lungs, air passages, and breathing muscles; supplies oxygen to the body and carries off carbon dioxide
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs in the lungs through whose walls gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of blood.
Cardiac Output
The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute; a function of heart rate and stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped during each beat).
Glucose
A simple sugar that circulates in the blood and can be used by cells to fuel adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.
Glycogen
A complex carbohydrate stored principally in the liver and skeletal muscles; the major fuel source during most forms of intense exercise. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose.
Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP) Energy Source for the cellular process
Immediate “Explosive” Energy System
Energy system that supplies energy to muscle cells through the breakdown of cellular stores of ATP and creatine phosphate (CP).
Non-oxidative Energy System
Energy system that supplies energy to muscle cells through the breakdown of muscle stores of glucose and glycogen; also called the anaerobic system or the lactic acid system because chemical reactions take place without oxygen and produce lactic acid.
Anaerobic
Occurring in the absence of oxygen
Lactic acid
A metabolic acid resulting from the metabolism of glucose and glycogen; an important source of fuel for many tissues of the body, its accumulation may produce fatigue.
Oxidative (aerobic) energy system
Energy system that supplies energy to cells through the breakdown of glucose, glycogen, fats, and amino acids; also called the aerobic system because chemical reactions require oxygen.
Aerobic
Dependent on the presence of oxygen
Mitochondria
Intracellular structures containing enzymes used in the chemical reactions that convert the energy in food to a form the body can use.
Maximal oxygen consumption
The highest rate of oxygen consumption an individual is capable of during maximum physical effort, reflecting the body’s ability to transport and use oxygen; measured in milliliters used per minute per kilogram of body weight.
Free radicals
Highly reactive compounds that can damage cells by taking electrons from key cellular components such as DNA or the cell membrane; produced by normal metabolic processes and through exposure to environmental factors, including sunlight
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Disease of the heart and the blood vessels
Lipoproteins
Substances in blood, classified according to size, density, and chemical composition, that transport fats.
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Heart disease caused by the buildup of fatty deposits on the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart; also called coronary artery disease.
Endorphins
Substances resembling morphine that are secreted by the brain and that decrease pain, suppress fatigue, and produce euphoria.
