Chapter 3: Cardiorespiratory Endurance

Question 1

Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 1

The part of the circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the lungs; controlled by the right side of the heart.

Question 2

Systemic Circulation

Answer 2

The part of the circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body; controlled by the left side of the heart.

Question 3

Atria

Answer 3

The two upper chambers of the heart in which blood collects before passing to the ventricles; also called auricles.

Question 4

Systole

Answer 4

Contraction of the heart

Question 5

Diastole

Answer 5

Relaxation of the heart

Question 6

Blood Pressure

Answer 6

The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels; created by the pumping action of the heart. Blood pressure increases during systole and decreases during diastole.

Question 7

Veins

Answer 7

Vessels that carry blood to the heart

Question 8

Arteries

Answer 8

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Question 9

Capillaries

Answer 9

Very small blood vessels that distribute blood to all parts of the body

Question 10

Respiratory System

Answer 10

The lungs, air passages, and breathing muscles; supplies oxygen to the body and carries off carbon dioxide

Question 11

Alveoli

Answer 11

Tiny air sacs in the lungs through whose walls gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of blood.

Question 12

Cardiac Output

Answer 12

The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute; a function of heart rate and stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped during each beat).

Question 13

Glucose

Answer 13

A simple sugar that circulates in the blood and can be used by cells to fuel adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.

Question 14

Glycogen

Answer 14

A complex carbohydrate stored principally in the liver and skeletal muscles; the major fuel source during most forms of intense exercise. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose.

Question 15

Adenosine Triphosphate

Answer 15

(ATP) Energy Source for the cellular process

Question 16

Immediate “Explosive” Energy System

Answer 16

Energy system that supplies energy to muscle cells through the breakdown of cellular stores of ATP and creatine phosphate (CP).

Question 17

Non-oxidative Energy System

Answer 17

Energy system that supplies energy to muscle cells through the breakdown of muscle stores of glucose and glycogen; also called the anaerobic system or the lactic acid system because chemical reactions take place without oxygen and produce lactic acid.

Question 18

Anaerobic

Answer 18

Occurring in the absence of oxygen

Question 19

Lactic acid

Answer 19

A metabolic acid resulting from the metabolism of glucose and glycogen; an important source of fuel for many tissues of the body, its accumulation may produce fatigue.

Question 20

Oxidative (aerobic) energy system

Answer 20

Energy system that supplies energy to cells through the breakdown of glucose, glycogen, fats, and amino acids; also called the aerobic system because chemical reactions require oxygen.

Question 21

Aerobic

Answer 21

Dependent on the presence of oxygen

Question 22

Mitochondria

Answer 22

Intracellular structures containing enzymes used in the chemical reactions that convert the energy in food to a form the body can use.

Question 23

Maximal oxygen consumption

Answer 23

The highest rate of oxygen consumption an individual is capable of during maximum physical effort, reflecting the body’s ability to transport and use oxygen; measured in milliliters used per minute per kilogram of body weight.

Question 24

Free radicals

Answer 24

Highly reactive compounds that can damage cells by taking electrons from key cellular components such as DNA or the cell membrane; produced by normal metabolic processes and through exposure to environmental factors, including sunlight

Question 25

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Answer 25

Disease of the heart and the blood vessels

Question 26

Lipoproteins

Answer 26

Substances in blood, classified according to size, density, and chemical composition, that transport fats.

Question 27

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Answer 27

Heart disease caused by the buildup of fatty deposits on the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart; also called coronary artery disease.

Question 28

Endorphins

Answer 28

Substances resembling morphine that are secreted by the brain and that decrease pain, suppress fatigue, and produce euphoria.