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Patient Assessment > Chapter 3: Cardiopulmonary > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cardiopulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms

A
  • Subjective
  • Patient description
  • Measured by patient perception
  • Ex. pain, shortness of breath, cough
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2
Q

Signs

A
  • objective
  • measurable
  • assessed values
  • ex. heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate
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3
Q

Primary symptoms of cardiopulmonary disorders

A
  1. cough
  2. sputum production
  3. hemoptysis
  4. shortness of breath (SOB) (dyspnea)
  5. chest pain
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4
Q

Cough

A
  • protective reflex

- stimulation of receptors (pharynx, larynx, trachea,a bronchi, lung and visceral pleura)

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5
Q

Acute cough

A
  • sudden onset
  • severe, short course
  • self limiting (viral infection)
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6
Q

Chronic cough

A
  • persistent
  • last > 3 weeks
  • causes:
  • postnasal drip
  • asthma
  • COPD exacerbation
  • allergic rhinitis
  • GERD
  • chronic bronchitis
  • bronchiectasis
  • left heart failure
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7
Q

Paroxysmal

A
  • periodic

- prolonged, forceful episodes (comes and goes)

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8
Q

Associated symptoms of cough

A
  • wheezing
  • stridor
  • chest pain
  • dyspnea
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9
Q

clear, colorless, like egg white

A

normal sputum

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10
Q

black

A

smoke or coal dust inhalation

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11
Q

brownish

A

cigarette smoker

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12
Q

frothy white or pink

A

pulmonary edema

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13
Q

sand or small stone

A

aspiration of foreign material, broncholithiasis

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14
Q

purulent

A

purulent - contains pus

- infection of pneumonia

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15
Q

apple-green, thick

A

haemophilus influenzae

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16
Q

pink, thin, blood-streaked

A

streptococci or staphylococci

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17
Q

red current jelly

A

klebsiella species

18
Q

rusty

A

pneumococci

19
Q

yellow or green copious

A

pseudomonas species pneumonia, advanced chronic bronchitis, bronchiectases (separates into layers)

20
Q

foul odor (fetid)

A

lung abscess, aspiration, anaerobic infections, bronchiectasis

21
Q

mucoid (white-gray and thick)

A

emphysema, pulomonary tuberculosis, early chornic bronchitis, neoplasma, asthma

22
Q

grayish

A

legionnaires disease

23
Q

mucopurulent

A

infection, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis

24
Q

blood-streaked or hemoptysis (frankly bloody)

A

bronchogenic carcinoma, tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, coagulopathy, pulmonary contusion or abscess

25
Q

silicone-like casts

A

bronchial asthma

26
Q

hemoptysis

A
  • coughing up blood

- expectoration of sputum containing blood (streaking to frank bleeding)

27
Q

causes of hemoptysis

A
  • bronchopulmonary
  • cardiovascular
  • hematologic
  • systemic disorders
  • tuberculosis or fungal infections
28
Q

what to look for in hemoptyis

A

amount, odor, color, acuteness

29
Q

hematemesis

A
  • vomited blood
  • determine source:
    1. oropharynx (swallowed from respiratory tract)
    2. esophagus or stomach (alcoholism or cirrhosis of liver)
30
Q

differences between hemoptysis and hematemesis

A 
hemoptysis:
- cardiopulmonary disease 
- coughed up from lungs/chest 
dyspnea, pain or tickling sensation in chest 
- alkaline
- sputum
- may be present (froth)
- bright red color
Hematemesis:
- gastrointestinal disease 
vomited from stomach 
- nausea, pain referred to stomach 
- acidic
- food
- froth absent
- dark, clotted, coffee grounds
31
Q

SOB

A

shortness of breath

  • most distressing symptom of respiratory disease
  • single most important factor limiting ability to function
  • cardinal symptom of cardiac disease
32
Q

dyspnea

A
  • subjective experience of breathing discomfort
  • components:
  • sensory input to cerebral cortex
  • perception of the sensation (breathless, short-winded, feeling of suffocation)
33
Q

causes of dyspnea

A
  • WOB abnormally high for the given level of exertion (asthma and pneumonia)
  • ventilatory capacity is reduced (neuromuscular disease)
  • drive to breath is elevated (hypoxia, acidosis, exercise)
34
Q

clinical types of dyspnea

A
  1. cardiac and circulatory
    (inadequate supply of oxygen to tissues, primary during exercise)
  2. psychogenic
    (panic disorder, not related to exertion)
  3. hyperventilation
    (rate, depth exceeds bodys metabolic need, results in hypocapnia and decreased cerebral blood flow)
35
Q

dependant edema

A
  • soft tissue swelling from abnormal accumulation of fluid
  • bilateral peripheral edema
  • most often occurs in ankles and lower legs
  • most often caused by right and left heart failure
  • right heart failure often caused by cor pulmonale
36
Q

fever with pulmonary disease

A
  1. pulmonary infections
    - lung abscess, empyema, tuberculosis, pneumonia
    - remittent fever in mycoplasma pneumonia, legionaaires disease, acute viral infections
  2. infections with no fever
    - high dose corticosteroids
    - immunosuppressants
    - immunocomprimised (leukemia, AIDS)
37
Q

headache is a manifestation of…

A

cerebral hypoxia and hypercapnia

–> lung disease and high altitute

38
Q

personality changes in advanced pulmonary disorders

A
  • forgetfulness, inability to concentrate, anxiety, irritability
39
Q

altered mental status in hypercapania

A

from affected alertness to coma

40
Q

sleep deprivation…

A

COPD, CHF, neuromusular disorders, etc.

41
Q

snoring and apnea incidence and causes

A
  • 10-12% children
  • 10-30% adults
  • peak at age 50 to 59 (male), 60-64 (female)
  • obesity is one of the most common causes of snoring and sleep apnea
  • OSA is a common cause of obesity
42
Q

complex presentation of CHF

A
  1. dilated pupils
  2. skin pale, gray, cyanotic
  3. orthopnea
  4. crackles, wheeze
  5. decreased BP
  6. nausea and vomiting
  7. ascites
  8. dependant pitting edema
  9. anxiety
  10. falling O2 sat
  11. confusion
  12. jugular vein distension
  13. infarct
  14. fatigue
  15. s3 gallop, tachycardia
  16. enlarged spleen and liver
    17 decreased urine output
  17. weak pulse, cool, moist skin

Patient Assessment (4 decks)

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