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Chapter 3 Biology > Chapter 3 Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecology

A

The scientific study of interactions among organisms, populations and communities and their interactions with the environment.

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2
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A

Individual, population, community, ecosystem, biomes, biosphere

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3
Q

How do you gather ecological data?

A

LOTS of observation and experimentation, the natural environment is hard to manipulate

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4
Q

Biotic factor

A

Any living part of the environment with which an organism might interact

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5
Q

Abiotic factor

A

Any nonliving part of the environment, such as sunlight, heat, precipitation, humidity, wind or water currents, and soil types.

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6
Q

Biosphere

A

A thick skin of life that covers the earth, it includes all parts of earth in which life exists

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7
Q

What does the word ecology come from?

A

“oikos” meaning house

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8
Q

What do humans need to survive?

A

A healthy ecological system for essential needs like drinking water, healthy soil

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9
Q

What are the 3 main approaches for ecology?

A

Observation, experimentation, and modeling

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10
Q

What are abiotic factors influenced by?

A

Organisms

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11
Q

Weather

A

Day to day conditions of the Earth’s atmosphere

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12
Q

Climate

A

long term patterns of temperature and precipitation over many years

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13
Q

Microclimate

A

The climate of a very small or restricted area, especially when this differs from the climate of the surrounding area

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14
Q

What are some examples of microclimates?

A

Moss - cool/moist environment, found on trees typically

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15
Q

Green house effect

A

The process in which certain gasses(carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor) trap sunlight energy in Earth’s atmosphere as heat

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16
Q

What does the green house effect do for the earth?

A

It retains heat and maintains a fairly moderate temperature range in the atmosphere

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17
Q

What does H2O do in the greenhouse effect?

A

It adds a lot of energy to raise temperature, and takes away a lot of energy to lower the temperature

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18
Q

What does temperature reflect?

A

How fast molecules are moving

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19
Q

Why is it hard to get H2O molecules moving really fast?

A

Because they stick to eachother

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20
Q

What enhances the greenhouse effect?

A

Manmade changes

21
Q

How is earth’s average temperature determined?

A

By the balance between the amount of heat that stays in the atmosphere and the amount of heat that is lost to space

22
Q

Where does climate come from?

A

Solar energy coming from sunlight striking the earth’s surface

23
Q

What is climate defined by?

A

Patterns and averages of temperature, precipitation, clouds, and wind over many years

24
Q

Global Winds

A

Patterns caused by uneven heating of earth’s atmosphere

25
Q

Where do seasons occur?

A

In temperate regions, because there is differential sunlight at different times of the year

26
Q

What causes global wind patterns?

A

Warm air rising and cool air sinking because earth is spinning on its axis

27
Q

Which is more predictable, weather or climate

A

Climate - weather changes rapidly and is much harder to predict

28
Q

How is the global climate system powered and shaped?

A

By the total amount of solar power retained in the atmosphere as heat, and by unequal distribution of that heat between the equator and the poles

29
Q

What are the 3 main climate zones?

A

Tropical, temperate, and polar

30
Q

What does solar energy result in?

A

Seasons

31
Q

What occurs when there is an unequal distribution of heat?

A

Wind and ocean currents

32
Q

How are ocean currents formed?

A

By patterns of warming and cooling, winds, and the location of the continents

33
Q

How is regional climate shaped?

A

By latitude, the transport of heat and moisture by winds and ocean currents, and by geographical features like mountain ranges, vast bodies of water, and ocean currents.

34
Q

What do changes in climate impact?

A

The atmosphere and hydrosphere

35
Q

What causes a climate change?

A

Changes in solar energy, variations, in earth’s orbit, meteorite impacts, mountain building, and volcanic activity

36
Q

What are abiotic factors in aquatic ecosystems

A

Water depth, currents, and nutrient availibility

37
Q

What are the layers of marine ecosystems?

A

Interdial zone, coastal ocean, open ocean, photic zone, aphotic, benthic zone

38
Q

What are the 3 main freshwater ecosystem

A

Rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, and freshwater wetlands

39
Q

Estuary

A

A wetland that forms where a river meets the sea

40
Q

What happens to salinity in estuaries during different seasons?

A

It varies

41
Q

Biome

A

A group of ecosystems that share the same climates and typical organisms

42
Q

Humus

A

A rich material found in soil, formed from decaying laves and other organic matter

43
Q

How many biomes are there

A

10 - Tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest, tropical grassland, desert, temperate grassland, temperate woodland and shrubland, temperate forest, northwestern carnivorous forest, boreal forest/tundra, and tundra

44
Q

How are biomes described?

A

In terms of abiotic factors such as climate and soil type, and biotic factors such as plant and animal life

45
Q

How are biomes summarized?

A

On a climate diagram

46
Q

How are biomes today

A

There are not many left, because 75% of all land has been altered by humans

47
Q

How are marine ecosystems described

A

By salinity, depth, temperature, flow rate, and concentrations of dissolved nutrients

48
Q

What are the 3 main types of aquatic ecosystems?

A

Marine, freshwater, and estuaries

49
Q

How do fish use estuaries?

A

They are used for spawning and nursery grounds for many ecologically and commercially important fish and shellfish

Chapter 3 Biology (1 decks)

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