Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

OCR Biology A level > Chapter 3- Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which elements do Carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the general formula for Carbohydrates?

A

Cx(H2O)x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which elements do Lipids contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which elements do Proteins contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What inter molecular forces are present in water molecules?

A

Hydrogen bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name some properties of water that make it great for supporting life.

A

High boiling point
Ice is less dense than water
It is cohesive
It is polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is being a polar molecule good for water as it can be used as a solvent?

A

Many solutes in an organism can dissolve in it, as many solutes are also polar so water can act as a transport medium for dissolved compounds and as a medium for chemical reactions to take place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does water act as a coolant?

A

It takes a large amounts of energy to break the hydrogen bonds between molecules, meaning that water will stay a fairly constant temperature inside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

If the -OH group attached to it is below the ring, the molecule is alpha glucose. If the -OH group is above the ring, the molecule is beta glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What 2 monosaccharides condense to form maltose?

A

2 alpha glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What 2 monosaccharides condense to form cellulose?

A

2 beta glucose molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is special about the formation of cellulose?

A

one beta glucose must rotate 180 degrees in order for the OH groups to come close enough together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What 2 monosaccharides condense to form sucrose?

A

one alpha glucose and one fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name 3 hexose monosaccarides.

A

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What 2 monosaccharides condense to form lactose?

A

Galactose and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name a pentose monosaccharide.

A

ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which 2 bonds are present in starch

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds between alpha glucose molecules on the amylopectin and 1,6 glycosidic bonds between the glucose molecules on the brach intersections (every 25 molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A

The adding of water to break a glycosidic or polypeptide bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What chemical is used to test for Reducing and Non-reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s Reagant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What chemical is used to test for starch?

A

Iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

Made by combing one glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acids (these contain a carboxyl group (-COOH))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Do saturated lipids have a double bond?

24
Q

Describe a monounsaturated lipid

A

A Lipid with just one double bond

25
Why are polyunsaturaed lipids liquids/ oils?
The double bonds cause the molecule to bend. They cannot pack together closely so less energy is needed to break the inter molecular bonds between the molecules.
26
What are phospholipids?
modified triglycerides where one fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group (PO4 3-)
27
Which end of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?
The tails (but the readily mix with fat)
28
Which end of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?
the heads
29
Give 4 roles lipids have because of their non polar nature.
membrane formation Hormone production electrical insulation for impulse transmission waterproofing
30
What are proteins made of?
amino Acids
31
What results in different amino acids?
different R groups
32
What is the bond between 2 amino acids called?
A peptide Bond
33
What is the resulting compound after condensation of 2 amino acids called?
A dipeptide
34
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The sequence in which the amino acids are joined
35
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
The shape the molecule becomes because of Hydrogen bonding. (Alpha helicies and Beta Pleated sheets)
36
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
The folding of a protein into its final shape. It often includes sections of secondary proteins.
37
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
Results from the association of two or more individual proteins called subunits.
38
Describe globular proteins
Compact, water soluble, and usually spherical in shape.
39
Explain how globular proteins form.
Form when proteins fold into their tertiary structures in such a way that the hydrophobic R groups on the amino acids are kept away from the aqueous environment. This means that proteins are soluble in water.
40
What is a conjugated protein?
A globular protein that contains a non protein component called a prosthetic group.
41
Give some examples of a prosthetic group.
Lipids (Lipoproteins), Carbohydrates (Glycoproteins), Haem groups
42
What is haemoglobin made of?
2 alpha helices, 2 beta pleated sheets with 4 haem groups
43
Describe how fibrous proteins form
Formed from long, insoluble molecules. This is due to the high proportion of amino acids with hydrophobic R groups in the primary structure.
44
Give 3 examples of fibrous proteins and give a use for each.
Keratin (present in hair, skin), Elastin (Walls of blood vessels), Collage (connective tissue found in tendons, ligaments etc.)
45
What do fibrous proteins tend to make?
Strong, long molecules which are not folded into complex 3D shapes like globular proteins.
46
What roles do Calcium Ions Have?
Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
47
What roles do Sodium Ions Have?
Nerve impulse transmission and kidney function
48
What roles do Potassium Ions Have?
Nerve impulse transmission and stomatal opening
49
What roles do Hydrogen Ions Have?
Catalysis of reactions, pH determination
50
What role do Ammonium Ions Have?
production of nitrate ions in bacteria
51
What role do Nitrate Ions Have?
Nitrogen supply to plants for amino acid and protein production
52
What role do Hydrogen Carbonate Ions Have?
Maintenance of blood pH
53
What role do Chloride Ions Have?
Balance positive charge of sodium and potassium ions in cells
54
What roles do Phosphate Ions Have?
Cell membrane formation, nucleic acid and ATP formation, bone formation
55
What roles do Hydroxide Ions Have?
Catalysis of reactions, pH determination

OCR Biology A level (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions