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OCR Biology A level > Chapter 3- Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons

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2
Q

Which elements do Carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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3
Q

What is the general formula for Carbohydrates?

A

Cx(H2O)x

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4
Q

Which elements do Lipids contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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5
Q

Which elements do Proteins contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

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6
Q

What inter molecular forces are present in water molecules?

A

Hydrogen bonding

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7
Q

Name some properties of water that make it great for supporting life.

A

High boiling point
Ice is less dense than water
It is cohesive
It is polar

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8
Q

Why is being a polar molecule good for water as it can be used as a solvent?

A

Many solutes in an organism can dissolve in it, as many solutes are also polar so water can act as a transport medium for dissolved compounds and as a medium for chemical reactions to take place.

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9
Q

How does water act as a coolant?

A

It takes a large amounts of energy to break the hydrogen bonds between molecules, meaning that water will stay a fairly constant temperature inside the body

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10
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

If the -OH group attached to it is below the ring, the molecule is alpha glucose. If the -OH group is above the ring, the molecule is beta glucose.

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11
Q

What 2 monosaccharides condense to form maltose?

A

2 alpha glucose

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12
Q

What 2 monosaccharides condense to form cellulose?

A

2 beta glucose molecules

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13
Q

What is special about the formation of cellulose?

A

one beta glucose must rotate 180 degrees in order for the OH groups to come close enough together

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14
Q

What 2 monosaccharides condense to form sucrose?

A

one alpha glucose and one fructose

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15
Q

Name 3 hexose monosaccarides.

A

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose

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16
Q

What 2 monosaccharides condense to form lactose?

A

Galactose and glucose

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17
Q

Name a pentose monosaccharide.

A

ribose

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18
Q

Which 2 bonds are present in starch

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds between alpha glucose molecules on the amylopectin and 1,6 glycosidic bonds between the glucose molecules on the brach intersections (every 25 molecules)

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19
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A

The adding of water to break a glycosidic or polypeptide bond

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20
Q

What chemical is used to test for Reducing and Non-reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s Reagant

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21
Q

What chemical is used to test for starch?

A

Iodine

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22
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

Made by combing one glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acids (these contain a carboxyl group (-COOH))

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23
Q

Do saturated lipids have a double bond?

A

No

24
Q

Describe a monounsaturated lipid

A

A Lipid with just one double bond

25
Q

Why are polyunsaturaed lipids liquids/ oils?

A

The double bonds cause the molecule to bend. They cannot pack together closely so less energy is needed to break the inter molecular bonds between the molecules.

26
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

modified triglycerides where one fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group (PO4 3-)

27
Q

Which end of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

A

The tails (but the readily mix with fat)

28
Q

Which end of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

A

the heads

29
Q

Give 4 roles lipids have because of their non polar nature.

A

membrane formation
Hormone production
electrical insulation for impulse transmission
waterproofing

30
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

amino Acids

31
Q

What results in different amino acids?

A

different R groups

32
Q

What is the bond between 2 amino acids called?

A

A peptide Bond

33
Q

What is the resulting compound after condensation of 2 amino acids called?

A

A dipeptide

34
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence in which the amino acids are joined

35
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

The shape the molecule becomes because of Hydrogen bonding. (Alpha helicies and Beta Pleated sheets)

36
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

The folding of a protein into its final shape. It often includes sections of secondary proteins.

37
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

Results from the association of two or more individual proteins called subunits.

38
Q

Describe globular proteins

A

Compact, water soluble, and usually spherical in shape.

39
Q

Explain how globular proteins form.

A

Form when proteins fold into their tertiary structures in such a way that the hydrophobic R groups on the amino acids are kept away from the aqueous environment. This means that proteins are soluble in water.

40
Q

What is a conjugated protein?

A

A globular protein that contains a non protein component called a prosthetic group.

41
Q

Give some examples of a prosthetic group.

A

Lipids (Lipoproteins), Carbohydrates (Glycoproteins), Haem groups

42
Q

What is haemoglobin made of?

A

2 alpha helices, 2 beta pleated sheets with 4 haem groups

43
Q

Describe how fibrous proteins form

A

Formed from long, insoluble molecules. This is due to the high proportion of amino acids with hydrophobic R groups in the primary structure.

44
Q

Give 3 examples of fibrous proteins and give a use for each.

A

Keratin (present in hair, skin), Elastin (Walls of blood vessels), Collage (connective tissue found in tendons, ligaments etc.)

45
Q

What do fibrous proteins tend to make?

A

Strong, long molecules which are not folded into complex 3D shapes like globular proteins.

46
Q

What roles do Calcium Ions Have?

A

Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

47
Q

What roles do Sodium Ions Have?

A

Nerve impulse transmission and kidney function

48
Q

What roles do Potassium Ions Have?

A

Nerve impulse transmission and stomatal opening

49
Q

What roles do Hydrogen Ions Have?

A

Catalysis of reactions, pH determination

50
Q

What role do Ammonium Ions Have?

A

production of nitrate ions in bacteria

51
Q

What role do Nitrate Ions Have?

A

Nitrogen supply to plants for amino acid and protein production

52
Q

What role do Hydrogen Carbonate Ions Have?

A

Maintenance of blood pH

53
Q

What role do Chloride Ions Have?

A

Balance positive charge of sodium and potassium ions in cells

54
Q

What roles do Phosphate Ions Have?

A

Cell membrane formation, nucleic acid and ATP formation, bone formation

55
Q

What roles do Hydroxide Ions Have?

A

Catalysis of reactions, pH determination

OCR Biology A level (23 decks)

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