Chapter 3: Biological molecules

Question 1

anions

Answer 1

*Nitrate - Nitrogen supply to plants and protein formation
*Hydrogen carbonate - maintenance of blood pH
*Chloride - balance sodium and potassium ions in cells
* Phosphate - cell membrane formation, nucleic acid and ATP formation, bone formation
Hydroxide - Catalysts and pH determination

Question 2

cations

Answer 2

Calcium - Nerve impulses and muscle contraction
Sodium - Nerve impulse transmission and kidney function
Potassium - Nerve impulse transmission and stomatal opening
Hydrogen - catalysis of reactions and pH determination
Ammonia - Production of nitrate ions by bacteria

Question 3

water

Answer 3

water is important as:
*its a metabolite
*able to do electrolysis

Question 4

props of water?

Answer 4

*excellent solvent
*High SHC
*High latent heat of vaporisation
*less dense when solid
*high surface tension and cohesion
*acts as a reagent

Question 5

water (2)

Answer 5

*104.5 bond angle
*covalent bond
*it is a polar molecule as it has charge but is specifically a dipole meaning it has both a slight negative and slight positive charge
*oxygen has the slight negative charge
hydrogen has the slight positive charge
*oppositely charged atoms on each molecule are attracted to eachother and form hydrogen bonds

Question 6

glucose

Answer 6

*a hexose monosaccharide
*fundamental within carbs

Question 7

glycosidic bonds

Answer 7

*formed by condensation reaction which produces water
*broken by hydrolisis

Question 8

alpha-glucose

Answer 8

starch:
*amylose - straight chain therefore only 1-4 glycosidic bonds
*amylopectin - has branches aswell so has 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Glycogen (animals) : like amylopectin but more branched
-Branched means that it can be more compact and therefore more stable

Question 9

carbohydrates

Answer 9

a group of substances used as both energy sources and structural materials in organisms
*carbohydrates - H,O,C element atoms only

Question 10

monosaccharides

Answer 10

*monosaccharides are simple: galactose, fructose, glucose
* they are bonded together in a condensation reaction to form disaccharides
* bond formed is a glycosidic bond

Question 11

disaccharides formed from monosaccharides

Answer 11

maltose: 2 x glucose
sucrose: glucose and fructose
lactose: glucose and galactose