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Psych 1000 > Chapter 3- Biological Basis Of Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Biological Basis Of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Glia (glial cell)

A

In addition to neurons, make up the nervous system. They serve a multitude of purposes; Structural support (Astrocyte; Ependymal), Insulation (Oligodendrocyte – CNS; Schwann – PNS), Promote neural communication (Astrocyte), Clean up (Microglia)

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2
Q

Neuron (nerve cell)

A

Is the fundamental building block of the nervous system. They process all motor, sensory, and cognitive information

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3
Q

Cell body (soma)

A

Receives information from dendrites, if enough stimulation, passed to axon

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4
Q

Dendrites

A

Branches that extend from the cell body

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5
Q

Axon

A

Extends from cell body carrying information away

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6
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Type of glial cell covering the axon to insulate and speed the neural impulses

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7
Q

Axon Terminal/Terminal Buttons

A

End of neuron’s axon, from which neurotransmitters are released

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8
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Are the, regularly spaced, regions of bare axon between areas wrapped in myelin. Signal moves down axon where synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft where they are received by receptors

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9
Q

Membrane potential

A

Difference in charge across the membrane

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10
Q

Resting potential (-70 mV)

A

When a neuron is at rest it is negatively charged inside (intracellular) relative to the outside (extracellular), polarized

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11
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Difference in electrical and chemical charges across membrane

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12
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

The point at which the influence of other neurons cause a neuron to initiate an action potential

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13
Q

Action Potential

A

The shift in electrical charge triggers the axon terminals to release neurotransmitters

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14
Q

All-or-none principle

A

Either a neuron is sufficiently stimulated to start an action potential or it is not

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Diffuse across the synapse and bind to the receptors on the dendrites of the receiving, or postsynaptic, neuron

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16
Q

Reuptake

A

Neurotransmitters are drawn back into the presynaptic neuron and recycled for later use

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17
Q

Enzymatic degradation

A

Breaking down the neurotransmitters by enzymes (e.g. acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase)

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18
Q

Biological perspective

A

Focus on physiological causes

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19
Q

Psychotropic medications

A

Drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms through restoration of neurotransmitter balance

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20
Q

Agonists

A

Mimic or take the place of a neurotransmitter – Increase activity

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21
Q

Antagonists

A

Block or impede neurotransmitter – Decrease activity

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22
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

Function is; Muscle action, memory, learning, attention. Effects are; Increased arousal, enhanced cognition, associated drug is nicotine

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23
Q

Beta-endorphin

A

Function is; Pain, pleasure. Effects are; Decreased anxiety, decreased tension. Associated drugs are; Oxycodone and morphine

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24
Q

Glutamate

A

Function is; Memory, learning, movement. Effects are; Increased learning, enhanced memory. Associated drug is; Ketamine

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25
Q

Dopamine

A

Function is; Mood, sleep, learning, movement. Effects are; Increased pleasure, suppressed appetite. Associated drugs are; Cocaine and methamphetamine

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26
Q

GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

Function is; Brain function, sleep, learning, anxiety regulation. Effects are; Decreased anxiety, decreased tension. Associated drugs are; Valium and Ambien

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27
Q

Serotonin

A

Function is; Mood regulation, sleep. Effects are; Modulated mood, suppressed appetite. Associated drugs are; MDMA, LSD, SSRIs(Prozac)

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28
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Function is; Heart, intestines, alertness, arousal. Effects are; Increased arousal, suppressed appetite. Associated drug; Adderall

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29
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

All the nerves that gather sensory information, delivers it to the spinal cord and brain. Largely voluntary control

30
Q

Motor neurons

A

CNS muscles (efferent)

31
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Sensory receptors CNS (afferent)

32
Q

Interneurons

A

Most common neuron

33
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary control, basic life functions

34
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight-or-flight (stress response), pupils dilate, increase heart-rate and breathing, mouth gets dry

35
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Opposite response and reverses physiological response caused by SNS to a state of normalcy

36
Q

Homeostasis

A

A state of equilibrium or balance, biologically optimal conditions

37
Q

Spinal cord

A

Extends from the brain down the back inside the bony spinal column. Spinal cord injuries: When the nerves that make up the spinal cord itself are damaged. The flow of information to and from the brain is disrupted (paralyzed and incapable of perceiving touch or pain). Higher up the cord the more widespread the damage

38
Q

The Hindbrain

A

Contains the Medulla, Pons, and Cerebellum. Helps regulate reflex activities critical for survival

39
Q

Pons

A

Involved with respiration, movement, walking, sleep, and dreaming

40
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates fine muscle movement, balance and some perception and cognition

41
Q

Medulla

A

Responsible for breathing, heartbeat and other vital functions

42
Q

The Midbrain

A

Contains the Reticular formation, Substantia Nigra, and VTA

43
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Helps screen incoming sensory information and controls arousal

44
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Responsible for the production of dopamine

45
Q

Cerebellum

A

Helps regulate reflex activities critical for survival

Example: Cerebellum coordinates fine muscle movement, balance, and some perception and cognition

46
Q

Medulla

A

Responsible for breathing, heartbeat, and other vital functions

47
Q

Midbrain

A

Contains the Reticular formation, Substantia Nigra, and VTA

48
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

A

Controls diverse behavioral repertoire, including reward processing, aversion, stress modulation, drug addiction, learning, and memory

49
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls the endocrine system and the ANS and regulates behaviors (like fighting)

50
Q

Hippocampus

A

Limbic system structure involved in memory

51
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays sensory messages to cortex

52
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Produce and release several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions, including: Growth and Metabolism

53
Q

Amygdala

A

A major processing center for emotions

54
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Fibrous bridge of axons connecting the hemispheres allowing for communication

55
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Thin outer layer responsible for most complex behaviors and higher mental processes

56
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Complex thinking

57
Q

Broca’s Area (LB)

A

Speech production

58
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Sensory integration

59
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Hearing, memory, language, facial recognition

60
Q

Wernicke’s Area (PB)

A

Language comprehension

61
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Primary visual cortex

62
Q

Lateralization

A

Specialization of function (e.g., language). Contralateral. RB = L-side and LB = R-side

63
Q

Verbal

A

Based on Roger Sperry’s Split Brain the left hemisphere is:

64
Q

Non-Verbal

A

Based on Roger Sperry’s Split Brain right hemisphere is:

65
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The nervous system’s ability to change and adapt to Experience, Natural development, and Trauma. Creation of new synapses, pruning old connections, even new neurons. Most prominent when we’re very young

66
Q

Neuroimaging

A

Techniques study brain activity

67
Q

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scan

A

Produces clear, detailed, 2-D X-ray images

68
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan

A

Injects/drinks harmless radioactive substances, called a tracer. The isotope is used to navigate blood flow

69
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Uses a magnetic field to disrupt hydrogen atoms, which emit an electromagnetic signal at different intensities depending on the brain tissue

70
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI)

A

Also allows for changes in blood flow, but without the injection. It works on measuring oxygenated blood

71
Q

Electroencephalograms (EEGs)

A

A non-invasive measure using event-related potentials. Can pinpoint when and where the brain activity is occurring via brain waves

Psych 1000 (1 decks)

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