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NSCA Strength and Conditioning Chapters 3 and 4 > Chapter 3 Bioenergetics of Exercise and Training > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Bioenergetics of Exercise and Training Flashcards

1
Q

What are exergonic reactions?

A

Energy releasing reactions and are generally catabolic

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2
Q

What are endergonic reactions?

A

Require energy and include anabolic (build up) and the contraction of muscle

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3
Q

What are the Anaerobic energy processes?

A

Phosphagen and Glycolytic

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4
Q

What are the 3 Aerobic energy processes?

A

Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative system

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5
Q

What is the final chemical action during hydrolysis of ADP?

A

The hydrolysis of ADP breaks the terminal bond, releases energy and leaves AMP, P and H+

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6
Q

The replenishment of ATP in human skeletal muscle is accomplished by three basic energy systems

A

Phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative

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7
Q

T/F Are all three energy systems active during at any given time?

A

TRUE. All three energy systems are active at any given time; however the magnitude of the contribution of each system to overall work primarily dependent on the intensity of the activity and secondarily on the duration.

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8
Q

What is the chemical process during the phosphagen energy system?

A

ADP + CP&raquo_space;»>««

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9
Q

The Creatine Kinase Reaction

A

Provides energy at a high rate; however, because CP is stored in relatively small amounts the phosphagen system cannot be the primary supplier of energy for continuous, long duration activities.

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10
Q

How much ATP can the body store at any given time?

A

80-100g (about 3 ounces) which does not represent a significant energy reserve for exercise. In addition, ATP stores cannot be completely depleted due to the necessity for basic cellular function.

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11
Q

What enzyme is powerful enough to stimulate Glycolysis?

A

Adenylate Kinase also called Myokinase

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12
Q

The reactions of the phosphagen system are largely controlled by?

A

The Law of Mass Action or the Mass Action Effect

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13
Q

The law of mass action states

A

That the concentrations of reactants or products (or both) in solution will drive the direction of the reactions.

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14
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

Glycolysis is the breakdown of carbohydrate (sugar)-either glycogen stored in the muscle or glucose delivered in the blood to resynthesize ATP.

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15
Q

Why does glycolysis produce ATP at a slower rate compared to the phosphagen system?

A

The process of glycolysis involves multiple enzyme dependent reactions

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16
Q

During Glycolysis the capacity to make is much higher due to ?

A

A larger supply of glycogen and glucose compared to CP

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17
Q

Where does phosphagen and glycolysis take place?

A

In the sarcoplasm of the cell

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18
Q

What is the end result of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

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19
Q

What are the two directions that pyruvate can proceed

A

1) Pyruvate can be changed to lactate in the sarcoplasm

2) Pyruvate can be shuttled into the mitochondria

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20
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis

A

When Pyruvate is converted to lactate, ATP resynthesis occurs at a faster rate via the rapid regeneration of NAD+, but is limited in duration due to the subsequent H+ production and resulting decreases in pH

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21
Q

Aerobic/ Slow Glycolysis

A

The ATP resynthesis rate is slower because of the numerous reactions, but can occur for a longer duration if the exercise intensity is low enough.

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22
Q

The fate of pyruvate is ultimately controlled by

A

the energy demands within the cell.

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23
Q

The formation of lactate from pyruvate is catalyzed by the enzyme _______ ________

A

Lactate Dehydrogenase

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24
Q

Proton H+

A

accumulation during fatigue reduces the intracellular pH, inhibits glycolytic reactions and directly interferes with muscle excitation -contraction coupling-possibly by inhibiting calcium binding to troponin

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25
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

The process of an exercise induced decrease in pH

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26
Q

Why doesn’t lactate cause Metabolic Acidosis

A

Lactate is utilized as an energy substrate, specifically in type 1 and cardiac fibers. It is also used during the formation of glucose from non carbohydrate sources during extended exercise and recovery. The process is called Glyconeogenesis

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27
Q

Cori Cycle

A

Lactate can be cleared by oxidation with the muscle fibers in which it was produced, or it can be transported in the muscle fibers to be oxidized. Lactate can also be transported in the blood to the liver, where it is converted to glucose.

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28
Q

Blood Lactate Concentration Levels

A

Return back to normal, pre-exercise values within an hour after activity, depending on the duration and intensity of exercise, training status, and type of recovery.

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29
Q

Net reaction for glycolysis

A

Glucose +2Pi + 2ADP&raquo_space;»> 2Lactate +2ATP +H2O

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30
Q

Net reaction for Pyruvate

A

Glucose +2Pi +2ADP + 2NAD+&raquo_space;»> 2 Pyruvate +2ATP +2NADH + 2H2O

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31
Q

Two primary mechanisms for resynthesizing ATP during Metabolism

A

1) Substrate-level phosphorylation

2) Oxidative phosphorylation

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32
Q

Phosphorylation is the process of adding an ___________ ___________ to another molecule

A

Inorganic Phosphate

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33
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

refers to the resynthesis of ATP in the Electron Transport Chain

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34
Q

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A

refers to the direct resynthesis of ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathways.

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35
Q

Step 1 for substrate level phosphorylation

Step 2 for substrate level phosphorylation

A

S1) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP + Pi»»»»»3-phosphoglycerate +ATP

S2) Pi»»»»Pyruvate + ATP

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36
Q

The gross number of ATP molecules that are resynthesized as a result of substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis is ___

A

4

37
Q

The enzyme that converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose -1,6-biphosphate

A

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

38
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for the phosphorylation of blood glucose

A

Hexokinase

39
Q

Two sources of glucose

A

Blood Glucose and Muscle Glycogen

40
Q

Blood Glucose and Muscle Glycogen ATP Resynthesized

A

(BG)- 2 ATP are used and 4 ATP are resynthesized which results in a net resynthesis of 2 ATP molecules.

(MG)- Only 1 ATP is used and 4 ATP are resynthesized, which yields a net resynthesis of 3 ATP molecules

41
Q

is stimulated to increase during intense muscle actions by high concentrations of ADP, Pi and ammonia and by a slight decrease in pH and AMP, all of which are signs of increased ATP hydrolysis and a need for energy

A

Glycolysis Stimulation

42
Q

It is inhibited by markedly lower pH, ATP, CP, citrate and free fatty acids

A

Glysolysis Inhibition

43
Q

Concentrations of Hexokinase, PFK and Pyruvate kinase. All three are regulatory enzymes in glycolysis, because each has an important allosteric (other site) binding sites.

A

Glycolysis regulation

44
Q

Occurs when the end product of a reaction or series of reactions feeds back to regulate the turnover rate of key enzymes in the metabolic pathways.

A

Allosteric Regulation

45
Q

Occurs when an end product binds to the regulatory enzyme and decreases it’s turnover rate and slows product formation

A

Allosteric Inhibition

46
Q

Occurs when an “activator” binds with the enzyme and increases it’s turnover rate.

A

Allosteric Activation

47
Q

Is the most important regulator of glycolysis because it is the rate limiting step.

A

Phosphofructokinase

48
Q

Is an allosteric inhibitor of PFK; therefore, as intracellular ATP concentrations rise, PFK activity decreases and reduces the conversion of fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6-biphosphate and, subsequently, decreases activity of the glycolytic pathway.

A

Adenosine Triphoshate

49
Q

The exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration has been termed the

A

Lactate Threshold

50
Q

The ______ _______ represents a significantly increased reliance on anaerobic mechanisms for energy production to meet demand.

A

Lactate Threshold

51
Q

The Lactate Threshold begins at ___ - ____ for Untrained individuals

A

50%-60%

52
Q

The Lactate Threshold begins at ____ -____ for aerobically trained individuals

A

70%-80%

53
Q

A second increase in the rate of lactate accumulation

A

onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA). Occurs when the concentration of blood lactate reaches 4 mmol/L

54
Q

This system utilizes carbohydrates and fats as substrates

A

Oxidative System (>90 minutes of exercise)

55
Q

At rest

A

70% of ATP is derived from fats and 30% from carbohydrate

56
Q

The end product of Glycolysis when oxygen is sufficient, Pyruvate is

A

Transported to the Mitochondria

57
Q

A series of reactions that continues the oxidation of the substrate from glycolysis and produces 2 ATP indirectly from guanine triphosphate (GTP)

A

Krebs Cycle

58
Q

These molecules transport hydrogen atoms to the Electron Transport Chainto be used to produce ATP from ADP.

A

6 Molecules of NADH and 2 Molecules of reduced Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FADH2)

59
Q

During the Krebs Cycle the hydrogen atoms are passed down the chain to form a proton concentration gradient, which provides the energy for ATP production, which oxygen serving as the final electron acceptor

A

A series of electron carriers known as Cytochromes

60
Q

One molecule of NADH can produce

A

3 Molecules of ATP

61
Q

One molecule of FADH can produce 3 molecules of ATP

A

2 Molecules of ATP

62
Q

Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain result in the production of ________ATP from the breakdown of one blood glucose molecule

A

38

63
Q

If the initiation of glycolysis is muscle glycogen the net ATP production is ____, since the hexokinase reaction is not necessary with muscle with muscle glycogenolysis.

A

39

64
Q

Triglycerides stored in fat cells can be broken down by an enzyme, hormone sensitive ______ to produce free fatty acids and glycerol.

A

Lipase

65
Q

Beta Oxidation

A

Free fatty acids entering the mitochondria

66
Q

Beta Oxidation

A

Hundreds of ATP molecules are produced

67
Q

Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine

A

Branched Chain Amino Acids

68
Q

Conversion of Isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

69
Q

isocitrate dehydrogenase

A

Is stimulated by ADP and and allosterically inhibited by ATP

70
Q

During exercise, the degree which anaerobic and oxidative systems contribute to the energy being produced is determined primarily by _______ _______ and secondarily by ______ _________

A

Exercise Intensity

and Exercise Duration

71
Q

Energy Substrates

A

Molecules that provide starting materials for bioenergetic reactions, including phosphagens (ATP and CP) glucose, glycogen, lactate free fatty acids and amino acids

72
Q

Post Exercise phosphagen repletion can occur in relatively short period; complete resynthesis of ATP appears to occur within ____ to ____ minutes and complete CP resynthesis can occur within ____minutes

A

3 to 5 minutes

8 minutes

73
Q

Repletion of phosphagens is largely accomplished as a result of _____ ________ although glycolysis can contribute to recovery after high-intensity exercise.

A

Aerobic Metabolism

74
Q

Glycogen Storage

A

300- 400 g of glycogen are stored in the body’s total muscle

70-80 g of glycogen are stored in the liver

75
Q

The rate of glycogen depletion is related to _______ _______

A

Exercise Intensity

76
Q

Post exercise glycogen repletion

A

Optimal if 0.7 to 3.0 of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight is ingested every 2 hours following exercise

77
Q

Is a measure of a person’s ability to take in oxygen

A

Oxygen Uptake

78
Q

At the start of an exercise bout, however, some of the energy must be supplied through anaerobic mechanisms because the aerobic system responds slowly to the initial increase in the demand for energy

A

Oxygen deficit

79
Q

After exercise oxygen uptake remains above pre exercise levels for a period of time that varies according to the intensity and length of exercise

A

Oxygen debt or Excess post exercise oxygen consumption

80
Q

The EPOC is the

A

Oxygen uptake above resting values used to restore the body to the pre exercise condition

81
Q

Contributions from Anaerobic mechanisms are primary up to ___ seconds

A

60 seconds

82
Q

_____ has the greatest effect on EPOC

A

Intensity

83
Q

30 second maximum cycling with 4 minutes of recovery

A

1:8 work to rest ratio

84
Q

Which substance can be metabolized anaerobically?

A

Glucose

85
Q

Which is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis?

A

ATP»»»ADP + Pi + H+

86
Q

Which of the following energy systems produces ATP at the quickest rate ?

A

Phosphagen

87
Q

Approximately how many net ATP are produced via the oxidative energy system from the metabolism of one glucose molecule?

A

38

88
Q

Which of the following energy substrates cannot be depleted during extreme exercise intensities or durations?

A

ATP

NSCA Strength and Conditioning Chapters 3 and 4 (1 decks)

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