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ESS > Chapter 3: Biodiversity > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Biodiversity

A

Refers to the variety of life on Earth.
Bio: living parts of an ecosystem
Diversity: # of species in an area and its relative abundance

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2
Q

Species Diversity

A
  • variety of species per unit area
  • measured with Simpsons
  • in communities= # of species (richness) and relative proportions (evenness)
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3
Q

Comment on relative values of biodiversity. Why is the value of D in one area higher than the other one?

A
  • pollution
  • recent colonization
  • agricultural management
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4
Q

Habitat Diversity

A

-Range of different habitats in and ecosystem/biome
-associated with variety of ecosystem niches
ex.
Low D: desert (sand/some vegetation)
High D: woodland (soil/river/trees)

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5
Q

Hotspot

A

Areas high in biodiversity

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6
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

Range of genetic material present in a population of a species or gene pool.

Ex.
Low genetic D: cheetahs (more prone to extinction, if env. changes, less likely to have genes to help survive

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7
Q

Gene Pool

A

Different types of genes in 1 individual.

Large gene pool=high genetic diversity

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8
Q

Conservation

A

Keeping what we have

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9
Q

Endemic Species

A

Species not found anywhere else (not widely spread, very specialized)

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10
Q

Increase/Conservation of habitat Diversity means

A

Increase/conservation in other 2 diversities

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11
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of a new species, when populations of a species become isolated and evolve differently

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12
Q

Fitness

A

How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

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13
Q

Evolution

A

Development of new species over very long periods of geological time

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14
Q

Natural Selection

A

Nature does the choosing, unlike artificial selection (selective breeding)

Occurs when a population of 1 species has genetic diversity

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15
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

Populations must become isolated from one another, so genes can’t be exchanged between them

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16
Q

Geographic Isolation

A

Physical barrier that cause populations to become separate

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17
Q

Cause of Isolation

A 
-environmental change 
(Mountain formation)
-change in river courses
-sea level change
-climatic change
-plate movements
18
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

Movement and forming of plates in surface of Earth.

19
Q

Movement of Earth’s plates have caused:

A
  • Isolation of populations
  • creation of physical barriers
  • land bridges
  • climatic variations
  • changes in food supplies
20
Q

Types of Boundaries

A
  1. Convergent (collide)
    Eurasian P.👉🏼Himalayas👈🏼Indian P.
  2. Divergent (divide)
    Pacific P.👈🏼Pacific-Antarctic Ridge👉🏼Antartic P.
  3. Transform (neither destroy nor form)
    African P.👆🏼Dead Sea Transform👇🏼Arabian P.
21
Q

Mass Extinction

A

Period in which at least 75% of the total # of species on Earth are wiped out

Total: 5

22
Q

Causes of Mass Extinction

A

All have been abiotic factors

  • drop in sea levels (as glaciers formed)
  • comets/asteroid impacts
  • extreme climate change
23
Q

How many species on Earth?

A

Total is unknown, but there are 1.8 million on museums

24
Q

What are the current rates of species loss?

A

Between 30,000-60,000 species/year, and human activities increase this rate

25
Q

Causes of Species loss

A

Natural:

  • volcanos
  • ice ages
  • meteor impacts

Human

  • pollution
  • introduction of invasive species
  • habitat destruction
  • hunting
26
Q

Conflict between exploitation, sustainable devices and conservation in LEDCs and MEDCs

A

Most tropical biomes occur in LEDCs, but they can’t sustain them since they don’t have the money. Activities like logging give the country and income, so there’s a debate. MEDCs can preserve, since they don’t rely on the forest’s income

27
Q

Tropical Biomes contain:

A

some of the most globally biodiverse areas

28
Q

The Red List

A

Shows threatened species in several categories

29
Q

Factors that determine the conservation status:

A
  1. Population size
  2. Tropic level
  3. Distribution
  4. Quality of habitat
  5. Geographic range
  6. Probability of extinction
  7. Degree of fragmentation/specialization
  8. Reduction in population size
  9. Reproductive potential behavior
30
Q

Arguments/Reasons for preserving Biodiversity

A
  • Aesthetic
  • Ecological
  • Economic
  • Ethical
  • Social
31
Q

Conservation Organizations

A

Non-Governmental Org. (NGO’s)
ex. Greenpeace

Intergovernmental Org. (IGO’s)
ex. UNEP

32
Q

In Situ vs. Ex Situ

A

In Situ: conservation of species in their natural habitat

Ex Situ: “ outside their natural habitat
ex. Zoos

33
Q

Designing Protected Areas

A
  • Area (big)
  • Edge Effects (big bc. pops. are bigger)
  • Shape (circle)
  • Corridors (to migrate)
  • Buffer Zones (minimize disturbance from outside)
34
Q

Successful protected areas should have:

A

PELHI

Partial/complete gov. funding
Educational/management programs
Local support
High profile animals 
Involvent of gov. agencies
35
Q

Species-based conservation strategies

A

CITES
Zoos
Protected Areas

36
Q

CITES (Contention in International Trade in Endangered Species)

A
  • international agreement

- aimed in regulating trade in endangered species

37
Q

Umbrella species

A

Within the umbrella species, others inside the umbrella are protected

38
Q

Flagship species

A

‘Charismatic’ species that appeal to the public

39
Q

Keystone species

A

Species that plays a unique/crucial role in the ecosystem

40
Q

Threats to species

A 
Trade in souvenirs 
Fashion
Habitat loss
Medicine
Exotic pet trades
41
Q 
Saved Species
Description
Ecological Role
Pressure on Species
Methods of Restoring Pop.
A

Island Fox
Description
-small fox
-Lives in SOMETHING islands on California
-brownish fur coat on its head, reddish on sides and white on belly
-feeds on insects and fruits
Ecological Role
-as deer mice and land birds inc., island fox dec.
Pressure on Species
-since the bald eagle was gone of the island, so people introduced the golden eagle, but they started to feed on the foxes, killing them rapidly.
Methods of Restoring Pop.
-conservation efforts made people reintroduced the bald eagle, and the golden eagle was relocated
-foxes started to breed again until they were no longer on the Endangered classification

42
Q 
Endangered Species
Description
Ecological Role
Pressure on Species
Methods of Restoring Pop.
A

Red Panda
Description
-Lives in South East Asia in countries like Bhutan and China
-they have a unique red/brownish fur coat (camouflage) and pointy ears, as well as a long tale used for balance
-live near water and feed on small seeds and fruits
Ecological Role
-they are the Ambassadors of clean air and water for millions of people
-
Pressure on Species
Methods of Restoring Pop.

ESS (1 decks)

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