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Chapter 3 BIO > Chapter 3 BIO > Flashcards

Chapter 3 BIO Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organic

A

Compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

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2
Q

How many valence electrons does Carbon have?

A

4

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3
Q

How many covalent bonds can Carbon form?

A

4

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4
Q

Inorganic

A

Compounds that do not possess a carbon atom (H2O)

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5
Q

Macromolecules

A

giant, complex molecules found in living things (by polymerization)

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6
Q

Monomers

A

Joining together smaller units (Ex. watch link necklace)

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7
Q

Polymers

A

Joining together smaller units (monomers) to make larger ones (Ex. watch band, complete necklace)

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8
Q

What are the 4 groups of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates (sugars), Lipids (fats, oils), Proteins (amino acids), Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)

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9
Q

What atoms make up carbohydrates (sugars)?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

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10
Q

What is the ratio of C : H : O to make up carbohydrates?

A

1 : 2 : 1

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11
Q

What type of main source are carbohydrates

A

energy

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12
Q

What else uses carbohydrates for structure

A

Plants, some animals, and other organisms

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13
Q

Carbohydrates can be drawn in ___ or ____ form

A

line ; circle

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14
Q

Single sugar molecules are also known as ______

A

monosaccharides

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15
Q

In building blocks, single sugar molecules are also called ____

A

Monomers

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16
Q

Most common single sugar molecule

A

glucose

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17
Q

Name for milk sugar molecule

A

galactose

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18
Q

Name for fruit sugar molecule

A

fructose

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19
Q

Two sugar molecule is called a ____

A

disaccharaide

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20
Q

What type of sugar is created when you mix glucose and fructose

A

sucrose (table sugar)

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21
Q

What type of sugar is created when you mix glucose and galactose

A

lactose (milk sugar)

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22
Q

What type of sugar is created when you mix glucose and glucose

A

maltose (digestive tract)

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23
Q

The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides and disaccharides are known as ____

A

polysaccharaides

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24
Q

Polysaccharide molecules are made up of 3 or more ____ and is also called a ____

A

monosaccharide ; polymer

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25
Q

Glycosidic bonds

A

bond that holds sugar molecules together

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26
Q

Glycogen

A

a type of polysaccharide ; complex carbohydrate ; excess sugar stored in animals (liver muscles)

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27
Q

Starch

A

a type of polysaccharide ; complex carbohydrates in plants, excess sugar (EX. glucose connected together)

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28
Q

Cellulose

A

a type of polysaccharide ; complex carbohydrate ; gives plants strength and rigidity (EX. wood)

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29
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Form of carbohydrate when water is removed

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30
Q

Are lipids small, medium or large molecules?

A

large

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31
Q

What atoms make up lipids

A

Carbon and Hydrogen atoms and some oxygen (NOT 1 : 2 : 1)

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32
Q

Lipids form by _______ _______, not hydrolysis

A

dehydration synthesis

33
Q

Lipids contain a carboxyl group, what is a carboxyl group made of?

A

-COOH

34
Q

What are the common categories of lipids?

A

fats, oils and waxes

35
Q

Lipids can be used to:

A

Store energy, cell membranes, waterproof coverings, protection / support

36
Q

Steroids

A

synthesized by the body, are lipids as well. Made up of 4 fused rings

37
Q

Phospholipids

A

(head with 2 tails) make up a cell membrane

38
Q

The building blocks (monomers) of lipids are:

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

39
Q

What type of bonds hold glycerol and fatty acids together

A

Ester bonds

40
Q

What type of shapes do mono - , di - , and tri - glycerides form

A

T, F, and E

41
Q

Saturated lipids

A

all C-C single covalent bonds (solid)(EX. butter, cheese, milk, ice cream)

42
Q

Unsaturated lipids

A

at least one C = C double bond (liquid) (EX. olive or vegetable oils)

43
Q

Polyunsaturated lipids

A

More than one C=C bond (EX. fish, sunflower, corn, soybean)

44
Q

As the degree of melting point decrease, the degree of _____ increases in lipids

A

unsaturation

45
Q

Proteins (polymer)

A

are macromolecules that contain C, H, O, N

46
Q

Amino acids (monomer)

A

are the building blocks of proteins. Combined by removing H2O to make a larger structure

47
Q

Amino Acids consist of 3 groups:

A

Amino group (-NH2) , Carboxyl group (COOH) , R-group

48
Q

R-group

A

the symbol for the part of an amino acid molecule which determines which of the 20 different amino acids are present.

49
Q

The functions of protein in living organisms:

A

Building material for the cell
Enzymes
Control rates of reactions and cell process
Help fight disease
Transport substances in and out of the cell
Can be denatured by heat

50
Q

Enzymes

A

speed up body reactions

51
Q

Polypeptide

A

Amino acids can be joined to form long chains of amino acids

52
Q

Brining amino acid monomers together is done by _____ _______

A

Dehydration Synthesis

53
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

A water molecule is removed and replaced with a peptide bond

54
Q

True or False: The “C” of one amino acid will bond with the “N” or another amino acid

A

True

55
Q

What are the 4 different assembly steps to turn amino acids into a protein

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

56
Q

Primary

A

AA - AA - AA - AA - AA - AA

57
Q

Secondary

A

Alpha helix (loops) and Beta Sheet (Zig zag) with hydrogen bonds inbetween

58
Q

Tertiary

A

Blob with disulfide bonds (S-S) and hydrogen bonds

59
Q

Quaternary

A

complex of protein molecules

60
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

macromolecules that contain C, H, O, P, N (polymer)

61
Q

Nucleotides

A

building blocks of the nucleis acid

62
Q

Nucleotides have a 3-part structure

A

5-carbon sugar (pentose sugar)
phosphate group
nitrogenous base
(look at picture of diagram)

63
Q

2 types of nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA (polymers)

64
Q

How do nucleotides form into nucleic acids

A

combine when H2O is removed

65
Q

Functions of nucleic acids

A

Store and transmit genetic information (genes)
Direct the production of proteins

66
Q

Which part are reactants and products in the equation:
H2O –> H+ + OH-

A

left side is reactant, right side is products

67
Q

What is needed to start a reaction

A

Activation Energy

68
Q

Catalyst

A

a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

69
Q

Enzymes are _____ that speed up the chemical reactions that take place in cells

A

catalysts

70
Q

True or false: All enzymes are catalysts (proteins

A

TRUE ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEIN

71
Q

Polymerization

A

process by which macromolecules are formed

72
Q

Activation Energy

A

is involved in chemical reaction whether or not the overall reaction releases or absorbs energy

73
Q

The _____ bind to a site on the enzyme called the active site

A

substrates

74
Q

The _____ _____ and the substrates have complementary shapes

A

active site

75
Q

The fit is so precise that the active site and substrates are often compared to a _____ and _____

A

lock and key

76
Q

What is the reactant and Product in an Enzyme -Substrate Complex

A

Reactant (enzymes) –> Product (substrate)

77
Q

True or False: Enzymes end in -ase

A

True

78
Q

What are the three steps to Enzyme Action

A
  1. Substrates bind to enzyme
  2. Substrates are converted into products
  3. Products are released

Chapter 3 BIO (1 decks)

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