Chapter 3 BIO Flashcards
Organic
Compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms
How many valence electrons does Carbon have?
4
How many covalent bonds can Carbon form?
4
Inorganic
Compounds that do not possess a carbon atom (H2O)
Macromolecules
giant, complex molecules found in living things (by polymerization)
Monomers
Joining together smaller units (Ex. watch link necklace)
Polymers
Joining together smaller units (monomers) to make larger ones (Ex. watch band, complete necklace)
What are the 4 groups of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates (sugars), Lipids (fats, oils), Proteins (amino acids), Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)
What atoms make up carbohydrates (sugars)?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
What is the ratio of C : H : O to make up carbohydrates?
1 : 2 : 1
What type of main source are carbohydrates
energy
What else uses carbohydrates for structure
Plants, some animals, and other organisms
Carbohydrates can be drawn in ___ or ____ form
line ; circle
Single sugar molecules are also known as ______
monosaccharides
In building blocks, single sugar molecules are also called ____
Monomers
Most common single sugar molecule
glucose
Name for milk sugar molecule
galactose
Name for fruit sugar molecule
fructose
Two sugar molecule is called a ____
disaccharaide
What type of sugar is created when you mix glucose and fructose
sucrose (table sugar)
What type of sugar is created when you mix glucose and galactose
lactose (milk sugar)
What type of sugar is created when you mix glucose and glucose
maltose (digestive tract)
The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides and disaccharides are known as ____
polysaccharaides
Polysaccharide molecules are made up of 3 or more ____ and is also called a ____
monosaccharide ; polymer
Glycosidic bonds
bond that holds sugar molecules together
Glycogen
a type of polysaccharide ; complex carbohydrate ; excess sugar stored in animals (liver muscles)
Starch
a type of polysaccharide ; complex carbohydrates in plants, excess sugar (EX. glucose connected together)
Cellulose
a type of polysaccharide ; complex carbohydrate ; gives plants strength and rigidity (EX. wood)
Dehydration Synthesis
Form of carbohydrate when water is removed
Are lipids small, medium or large molecules?
large
What atoms make up lipids
Carbon and Hydrogen atoms and some oxygen (NOT 1 : 2 : 1)
Lipids form by _______ _______, not hydrolysis
dehydration synthesis
Lipids contain a carboxyl group, what is a carboxyl group made of?
-COOH
What are the common categories of lipids?
fats, oils and waxes
Lipids can be used to:
Store energy, cell membranes, waterproof coverings, protection / support
Steroids
synthesized by the body, are lipids as well. Made up of 4 fused rings
Phospholipids
(head with 2 tails) make up a cell membrane
The building blocks (monomers) of lipids are:
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
What type of bonds hold glycerol and fatty acids together
Ester bonds
What type of shapes do mono - , di - , and tri - glycerides form
T, F, and E
Saturated lipids
all C-C single covalent bonds (solid)(EX. butter, cheese, milk, ice cream)
Unsaturated lipids
at least one C = C double bond (liquid) (EX. olive or vegetable oils)
Polyunsaturated lipids
More than one C=C bond (EX. fish, sunflower, corn, soybean)
As the degree of melting point decrease, the degree of _____ increases in lipids
unsaturation
Proteins (polymer)
are macromolecules that contain C, H, O, N
Amino acids (monomer)
are the building blocks of proteins. Combined by removing H2O to make a larger structure
Amino Acids consist of 3 groups:
Amino group (-NH2) , Carboxyl group (COOH) , R-group
R-group
the symbol for the part of an amino acid molecule which determines which of the 20 different amino acids are present.
The functions of protein in living organisms:
Building material for the cell
Enzymes
Control rates of reactions and cell process
Help fight disease
Transport substances in and out of the cell
Can be denatured by heat
Enzymes
speed up body reactions
Polypeptide
Amino acids can be joined to form long chains of amino acids
Brining amino acid monomers together is done by _____ _______
Dehydration Synthesis
Dehydration Synthesis
A water molecule is removed and replaced with a peptide bond
True or False: The “C” of one amino acid will bond with the “N” or another amino acid
True
What are the 4 different assembly steps to turn amino acids into a protein
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
Primary
AA - AA - AA - AA - AA - AA
Secondary
Alpha helix (loops) and Beta Sheet (Zig zag) with hydrogen bonds inbetween
Tertiary
Blob with disulfide bonds (S-S) and hydrogen bonds
Quaternary
complex of protein molecules
Nucleic Acids
macromolecules that contain C, H, O, P, N (polymer)
Nucleotides
building blocks of the nucleis acid
Nucleotides have a 3-part structure
5-carbon sugar (pentose sugar)
phosphate group
nitrogenous base
(look at picture of diagram)
2 types of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA (polymers)
How do nucleotides form into nucleic acids
combine when H2O is removed
Functions of nucleic acids
Store and transmit genetic information (genes)
Direct the production of proteins
Which part are reactants and products in the equation:
H2O –> H+ + OH-
left side is reactant, right side is products
What is needed to start a reaction
Activation Energy
Catalyst
a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Enzymes are _____ that speed up the chemical reactions that take place in cells
catalysts
True or false: All enzymes are catalysts (proteins
TRUE ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEIN
Polymerization
process by which macromolecules are formed
Activation Energy
is involved in chemical reaction whether or not the overall reaction releases or absorbs energy
The _____ bind to a site on the enzyme called the active site
substrates
The _____ _____ and the substrates have complementary shapes
active site
The fit is so precise that the active site and substrates are often compared to a _____ and _____
lock and key
What is the reactant and Product in an Enzyme -Substrate Complex
Reactant (enzymes) –> Product (substrate)
True or False: Enzymes end in -ase
True
What are the three steps to Enzyme Action
- Substrates bind to enzyme
- Substrates are converted into products
- Products are released
