Chapter 3: bacterial cell structure

Question 1

how do microorganisms differ from eukaryotes?

Answer 1

-dna is packaged differently (lack of nucleus and histones)
-makeup of the cell wall (peptidoglycan + others)
-internal structures: lack of membrane-bound organelles

Question 2

what are some organelles and structures that all bacteria have?

Answer 2

-cytoplasmic membrane,
-cytoplasm,
-ribosomes,
-chromosome/s

Question 3

define pleomorphic?

Answer 3

the ability to change in shape

Question 4

what shape is a Coccus bacterial cell?

Answer 4

round shape (think pearls)

Question 5

what shape is a Bacillus bacterial cell?

Answer 5

rod shpaed (think cylinder)

Question 6

what shape is a Vibrio bacterial cell?

Answer 6

curved rod (think comma)

Question 7

what shape is a Coccobacillus bacterial cell?

Answer 7

curved rod but short and plump

Question 8

what are 4 ways to describe bacterial arrangment?

Answer 8

-diplococccus: single divided into pair
-chain: cells divide on one plane
-cluster: cells divded in random planes
-tetrads: cells divide in 2 planes
cubes: cells divide in 3 different planes

Question 9

how can appendages be characterized?

Answer 9

two groups: provides motility (flagella and axis filament) and those that provide attachment points or channels (fimbriae, pili and nanotube)

Question 10

2 types of cell wall based on Gram staining?

Answer 10

Gram positive and Gram negative

Question 11

how do gram positive vs gram negative cell walls differ?

Answer 11

-gram positive: purple stained, thick peptidoglycan protein layer w no outer membrane layer, contains teichoic acids
-gram negative: pink stained, thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by outer membrane layer

Question 12

what is a biofilm?

Answer 12

aggregation of microorganisms growing together on a surface or substrate
(colonies on a agar plate)

Question 13

name a substance in the envelope structure of some bacteria that can cause severe symptoms in humans?

Answer 13

Glycocalyx (also known as a capsule: tightly bound to cell)
-formed by many pathogenic bacteria

Question 14

what are some layers outside the cell wall?

Answer 14

-slime layer
-S-layer
-outer membrane
all serve as protection

Question 15

a basic bacterial cytoplasm contains…

Answer 15

cytoskeleton
inclusions (granules of storage)
ribosomes (protein synthesis)
nucleoid (think chromosome)
plasmids (small, nonessential pieces of DNA)

Question 16

what is an endospore?

Answer 16

dormant, thick walled structures extremely resistant to extreme temps, radiation, chemicals, and prevents desiccation

Question 17

how many stages in the sporulation creation cycle?

Answer 17

3!
Activation: basic prep
Germination:
Outgrowth: