Chapter 3 - Areas of Development

Question 1

Define Thinking

Answer 1

Mental manipulation of representations of information we encounter in our environment

Question 2

Define decision making.

Answer 2

A form of thinking that you select among alternatives.

Question 3

Define memory.

Answer 3

The power or process of reproducing or recalling what had been learned and retained especially through associative mechanisms.

Question 4

Encoding

Answer 4

To convert (something such as a body of information) from one system of communication into another; especially to convert a message into code.

Question 5

What are the three stages of of memory?

Answer 5

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

Question 6

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?

Answer 6

Hippocampus is part of the brain that interprets emotion and memory and emotion and connected. A part of the emotion system is in charge of sending information into memory and the main location of this transfer of information is in the hippocampus. Necessary for making new memories

Question 7

What is the role of the amygdala in memory?

Answer 7

Helps store memories and events that were emotional so that the brain is able to recognize similar events in the future.

Question 8

Define change blindness.

Answer 8

When people miss changed that happen in their immediate environment and that they do not notice has changed.

Question 9

What is the Montessori method? Apply the method to classroom.

Answer 9

An approach that emphasizes active learning, independence, cooperation and learning in harmony with each child’s unique development.
Give an example.

Question 10

What are the stages of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory.

Answer 10

1. Obedience and punishment
2. Individualism
3. Approval
4. Law and Order
5. Social contract
6. Principled conscience

Question 11

Define the Justice Perspective.

Answer 11

The justice perspective is Lawrence Kohlberg’s perspective that men are often more justice oriented than women and believe that finding justice is always their main goal.

Question 12

Carol Gillian’s levels of morality.

Answer 12

Pre-conventional

Question 13

Define the care perspective.

Answer 13

Carol Gilligan’s Carr perspective talks about how mothers are selfless human beings that focus on other more than themselves and that is in them to be caring and giving.

Question 14

What is Lev Voygotsky’s theory?

Answer 14

People must learn from an individual who is more knowledgeable than themselves.

Question 15

Define the zone of proximal development.

Answer 15

Related to how much a person can learn on their own without guidance from others and what a child can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner.

Question 16

Define the more knowledgeable other.

Answer 16

Someone who has a better understanding of something than the actual learner so that they can gain knowledge and insight

Question 17

Define scaffolding.

Answer 17

Those elements of the task that are initially beyond the learners capacity thus permitting them to concentrate upon completing only those elements that are wining their range of competence.

Question 18

Three types of speech:

Answer 18

Social speech - external communication that people use to talk to others (age 2)
Private speech - the internal communication that a person directs themselves and serves as an intellectual function (age 3)
Silent inner speech - when private speech diminishes in its audibility until it becomes a self-regulating function (age 7)

Question 19

Define holophrase.

Answer 19

This is a single word that expresses a complete thought.

- the child uses “bye, bye” in demanding tone to express his desire to leave.

Question 20

Define Under extension.

Answer 20

Use of words to refer to a narrower category of objects or events that the term signifies.
- the child uses the word cat only for the family cat, not other felines.

Question 21

Define overextension.

Answer 21

Applying the word go several object that share a particular characteristic.
- calling everything with 4 legs a “dog”

Question 22

Language acquisition milestones

Answer 22

Newborn: reflexive communication, crying, facial expressions
2 months: cooing, fussing, crying and laughing
3-6 months: squeals, growls, vowel sounds
6-10 months: babbling, both consonant and vowel sounds
10-12 months: comprehension of simple words intonation and deaf

Question 23

B.F. Skinner and language

Answer 23

• proposed language is a result of operant conditioning
• example: sounds made by a baby are reinforced by parents through behaviours like hugs smiles and positive speech
  Utterances + reinforcement = promotion of languages

Question 24

Noam Chomsky and language

Answer 24

• argued that mental structures are at the heart of our capacity to interpret language
• language is biological based

Question 25

Define Language acquisition device.

Answer 25

A biologically based innate module to interpret language that needs to be triggered by verbal input from the environment

Question 26

Boca’s Area

Answer 26

• located in the frontal lobe

- if it is damaged it can used slow, laboured, ungrammatical and unemotional speech

Question 27

Wernicke’s Area

Answer 27

• located I the temporal lobe

- if damaged speech will remain fluent and grammatical but will be nonsensical and comprehension of others is impaired

Question 28

Raymond Cattell

Answer 28

Created the fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence

• fluid intelligence: the ability to solve new problems, use logic in bed situations and identify patterns
• crystallized intelligence: ability to use learned knowledge and experience

Question 29

Four stages of dementia

Answer 29

Mild cognitive impairment
Mild dementia
Moderate dementia
Severe dementia

Question 30

Stages of Alzheimer’s

Answer 30

Pre-clinical
Mild cognitive impairment
Alzheimer’s dementia

Question 31

Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s

Answer 31

Most people are diagnosed at 65+ but early onset can occur at 40, after diagnosis individuals are expected to have 8-10 years

Question 32

Howard Gardner

Answer 32

Developmental psychologist

Creator of multiple intelligences

Question 33

Theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 33

Multiple types of human development that represents s different way of processing information

Question 34

Multiple intelligences

Answer 34

Linguistic 
Logical 
Kinaesthetic 
Musical 
Spatial 
Interpersonal 
Interpersonal 
Naturistic