Chapter 3 and 4

Question 1

Three main lines of theorising have been proposed to account for the observed gender differences in aggression:

Answer 1

the hormonal explanation, the sociobiological model, and the social role model.

Question 2

The macho personality pattern consists of three related components:

Answer 2

(a) calloused sexual attitudes towards women, (b) the perception of violence as manly, and (c) the view of danger as exciting

Question 3

The “weapons effect,” first demonstrated by Berkowitz and LePage (1967),

Answer 3

refers to situational cues, such as weapons or other violence-related primes, that enhance the cognitive availability of aggression as a response option.

Question 4

situational variables that have a significant influence on aggressive behaviour

Answer 4

Aggression-related cues, social exclusion, alcohol, and temperature

Question 5

Crowding

Answer 5

refers to the perception of spatial density as unpleasant and aversive.

Question 6

Noise

Answer 6

Noise is another environmental stressor linked to aggression. As an aversive stimulus, noise can trigger or reinforce aggressive behaviour.

Question 7

Air pollution

Answer 7

, air pollution has been found to be a reinforcer of aggressive response tendencies in much the same way as crowding and noise.

Question 8

The frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 8

states that frustration increases the likelihood of an aggressive response, while acknowledging that other, non-aggressive responses may also be shown in response to frustration

Question 9

Primes

Answer 9

are stimuli that activate specific mental concepts which in turn feed into subsequent judgements and behaviours

Question 10

Cardiff Infant Contentiousness Scale (CICS; Hay et al., 2010

Answer 10

was developed to address six aspects of the use of physical force in social interactions and the expression of anger in babies: doesn’t want to let go of toys, pulls hair, hits out at other people, bites, has angry moods, and has temper tantrums

Question 11

a meta-analysis by Card, Stucky, Sawalani, and Little (2008) found that

Answer 11

only direct aggression was uniquely related to externalising problems, such as attentional deficits and delinquency, whereas indirect aggression was uniquely associated with internalising problems, such as depression and anxiety

Question 12

An important change in the pattern of aggressive behaviour from childhood to adolescence is that

Answer 12

aggression and violence tend to become more socially organised.

Question 13

Several long-term studies have shown that aggression in childhood is linked to

Answer 13

aggressive behaviour in later life.

Question 14

Androgentic steroid hormone

Answer 14

is produced by testes and ovary

Question 15

Wagner 1998 Castration and testosterone in mice

Answer 15

• —-Castration decreases aggression in mice

- —-Reintrocution of testosterone increase aggressive behavior

Question 16

Dabbs and dMorris (1990)

Answer 16

• 4462 U.S. Military veterans collected blood to measure testosterone.
• –Men with highest levels had records of antisocial activities including assault.
• Measured SES socio economic status
• —Largest effects were seen in males of low SES

Question 17

Dabbs (1987)

Answer 17

• Measured testosterone levels of male prisoners.
  ——Significant correclation with several measures of aggression including:
  »»Nature of crime they were convicted of:
  More violent
  Infraction of prison rules
  Ratings of toughness by other prisoners.

Question 18

How to determine testosterone relationship

Answer 18

1.) Persons environment and experience can affect testosterone levels

Question 19

Mazur + Booth 1998

Answer 19

More recent review suggests that testosterone works to enhance motivation to dominate others not primarily on aggression. (test side effect – winning is establishing dominance

Question 20

High levels of testosterone is related low empath (Harris et all 96)

Answer 20

*Low empathy
Don’t know how other person is feeling
*Don’t attend to their cues verbal or non verbal
*Lead to strained social interactions.

Question 21

Steriods- criminal behavior is mostly done by property damages
Etiology unclear but may include

Answer 21

Direct brain effects

Expectations (what will happen)

Question 22

Psychological effects of anabolic steroids:

Answer 22

-Stunt growth extreme mood swings extreme irritability (roid rage) Impulsiveness impaired judgement
More documented in long use – higher dose:
Depression
Paranoid/ jealousy
Delusions

Question 23

Steve Foley

Answer 23

pro football player- previous run-in with law

On steroids and drunk .233

Question 24

Chris Benoit (pro wrestler)

Answer 24

stranged wife and 7 year son then hung himself
\_\_\_anabolic steroids (dr. prescribed 10 month supply every 3-4 weeks
	Autopsy found brain damage from repeat concussions.

Question 25

cumulative continuity

Answer 25

aggression is maintained because of its own consequences that accumulate over time.

Question 26

interactional continuity

Answer 26

aggression is maintained through the responses it elicits in others

Question 27

Short-term escalation

Answer 27

denotes a rapid increase in violence among individuals who only start to become aggressive relatively late.

Question 28

Long-term escalation

Answer 28

refers to a gradual increase in the severity of aggressive actions from childhood to adolescence.

Question 29

life-course persistent antisocial behaviour

Answer 29

is associated with specific risk factors and manifestations that distinguish this developmental pattern from adolescent-limited antisocial behaviour.

Question 30

individuals with an adolescence-limited pattern

Answer 30

typically do not show developmental abnormalities in early childhood, and come from normal family backgrounds

Question 31

reactive aggression

Answer 31

that is, aggression shown in response to a provocation (Hubbard et al., 2010).

Question 32

Irritability

Answer 32

refers to the habitual “tendency to react impulsively, controversially, or rudely at the slightest provocation or disagreement”

Question 33

Emotional susceptibility

Answer 33

is defined as an individual’s tendency “to experience feelings of discomfort, helplessness, inadequacy, and vulnerability”

Question 34

Rumination and dissipation represent

Answer 34

the opposite poles of a continuum that describes the extent to which people are preoccupied with aggressive cognitions following an aggression-eliciting stimulus

Question 35

Perspective

Answer 35

taking is a cognitive variable associated with the inhibition of aggressive responses

Question 36

unprovoked aggressors

Answer 36

(those who chose to deliver an aversive shock to an alleged opponent even before they received the first shock), retaliative aggressors (those who only delivered aversive shocks after receiving a shock from their opponent), and non-aggressors (those who refrained from delivering shocks altogether).

Question 37

Self control

Answer 37

. This construct refers to internal restraints that should inhibit the release of aggressive response tendencies.

Question 38

ego-depletion manipulations

Answer 38

that is, preventing participants from engaging in self-control by forcing them to allocate mental resources to another task.

Question 39

When does aggressive behaviour first appear

Answer 39

3 months

Question 40

Aggressive cues work automatically

Answer 40

– that is, without conscious monitoring or awareness – as shown by the finding that even primes presented subliminally

Question 41

social cognitive priming research also has a message to convey regarding the repeated exposure to aggressive cues:

Answer 41

the more frequently the primes are encountered, the more easily aggressive cognitions and behavioural response options are activated, making them chronically accessible over time.

Question 42

Ostracism

Answer 42

refers to ignoring and excluding individuals or groups by other individuals or groups

Question 43

Rejection

Answer 43

rejection involves an explicit declaration that an individual or group is not wanted

Question 44

social exclusion

Answer 44

social exclusion describes the experience of being kept apart from others.

Question 45

The paradigm also includes

Answer 45

a social inclusion condition, which provides feedback about successful relationships in the future, and a negative comparison condition unrelated to social relationships in which participants are told that they are particularly likely to be accident-prone in the future.

Question 46

Williams (2007a) proposed a two-stage process

Answer 46

The first, immediate response is seen as a reflexive, automatic experience of social pain experienced as a result of the exclusion. Automatic