Chapter 3 and 24: Nucleotide Structure and Function Flashcards
what is cAMP?
a secondary messenger
Draw and label the two purines
adenine and guanine
Draw and label the three pyrimidines
thiamine, cytosine and uracil
What’re the three main functions that the structure of DNA must permit?
1) must allow for the duplication of information
2) must allow for the expression of information- easy conversion of information into protein product
3) must allow for the stable storage: Structure must be manageable in size and stable over long periods of time.
A purine has ___ ring(s) and a pyrimadine has ___ ring(s)
purine has 2 rings and a pyrimadine has 1 ring
What is the sugar differences in a deoxyrobonucleotide and a ribonucleotide?
deoxyribonucleotide has 2’ deoxy sugar with NO 2’OH group, ribonucleotide uses ribose.
Differences between nucleotide and nucleoside
nucleosidedoes not have a phosphate group PO3- on the 5’ Carbon
Draw deoxyribonucleotie and deoxyribonucleotide with a thiamine base attached to proper carbon.
Base should attach to 1’ carbon, phosphate group should attach to 5’ carbon. deoxy should not have an OH at the 2’ position
What’re the three main components of ATP
adenine, phosphate groups, and RIBOSE sugar.
From what group of the ATP molecule is used for chemical energy?
hydrolysis of the phosphate groups
What is a phosphodiester linkage?
linkage between a nucleotide residue in RNA and RNA
What is a phosphoester/phosphoanhydride linkage?
linkages between ATP’s phosphate groups.
Why is ATP metastable?
Metastability is a term referring to molecules in which the thermodynamic breakdown is energetically favored, ATP can readily undergo hydrolysis because the reaction is spontaneous
When connecting two nucleotides to form nucleis acid structure, the phosphate bridge bond connecting the 3’ and 5’ positions is called _____
a phosphodiester linkage
Phosphates of polynucleotides are in _____ in physiological pH
deprotonated
Is the phosphate sugar backbone of a nucleid acid hydrophillic or phobic?
hydrophillic
Explain chargaffs rules
concentration of A equals the concentration of T, and concentration of G equals the concentration of C
Explain the Watson and Crick double stranded helix structure
2 helical chains of DNA wound around the same axis to form a right handed double helix.
Base pairs are complementary and the two strands run antiparallel to each other.
Each DNA strand can act as a template for the synthesis of its complimentary strand.
Each nitrogenous base is ____bonded to a base in the opposite strant to form a base pair (covalently, ionically, or hydrogen)
Hbonded
C-G pairs have ___ Hbonds between them and A-T pairs have ____Hbonds between them
CG have 3 Hbonds, AT have 2 Hbonds
The hydrophillic backbone of DNA are on the ____ of the double helix to allow for favorable interactions with H2o, while the aromatic base pairs are stacked ____ the double helix to allow ___________interactions
outside of the helix, aromatic base pairs are stacked inside the double helix to allow favorable base stacking interactions/
Transcription vs Translation
Transcription: process by which DNA nucleotides are copied into RNA molecules
Translation: RNA to protein
T/F Hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases is a large factor that allows DNA to have a high stability.
False. Hbonding is only required for specificity of base pairing more than anything. If you were to denature the DNA, the bases would just Hbond with water because they are energetically similar.
Base stacking is _____driven, whereas Protein stacking is____ driven
base stacking in enthalpically driven, and proteins are entropically driven.