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Psychology 275 > Chapter 3: Anatomy of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of

A

Brain & Spinal cord

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2
Q

PNS consists of

A

Sensory & motor nerves, efferent & afferent nerves, somatic & autonomic NS, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

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3
Q

Two divisions of the PNS

A

Somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

Somatic NS

A

Voluntary
Afferent nerves: bring info into CNS (sensory) • A=approach, advance, arrive
Efferent nerves: carry info out of CNS (motor) • E=exit, escape

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary; consisting of sympathetic nervous system [Fight or flight] and the parasympathetic nervous system [Rest and digest].

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6
Q

Autonomic System: Afferent vs. Efferent nerves

A

Afferent nerves carry information from the internal organs to the CNS, AND efferent nerves cause changes in the organs by releasing neurotransmitters: epinephrin in the sympathetic state and acetylcholine in the parasympathetic state.

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7
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves. A mix of afferent and efferent nerves. Not part of the brain but part of the periphery. Some are purely sensory (vision and olfaction), but some carry motor functions.

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8
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

A

The dura, the arachnoid matter, and the pia matter.

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9
Q

Name 3 levels of protection for the CNS

A

Meningitis, Cerebrospinal fluid, BBB

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10
Q

BBB allows —— soluble materials to pass through

A

Lipid

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11
Q

Location of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

A

Sympathetic — close to spinal cord

Parasympathetic — close to target organs

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12
Q

Lengths of postganglionic fibres of parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways

A

sympathetic — Long

Parasympathetic — Short

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13
Q

Which one has more branched postganglionic fibres - parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

Sympathetic

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14
Q

The CSF in the spinal cord is located in:

A

central canal

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15
Q

The CSF is produced by:

A

choroid plexus

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16
Q

Ways to break BBB:

A 
High BP
Birth defect 
High concentration of non permeable molecules 
Injury 
Infection 
Radiation
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17
Q

Types of neurons:

A

Multipolar – multiple poles, very common.
Inter neurons, multi polar, no axon – sit locally don’t need to transmit info far, communicate with nearby neurons.
Bipolar – two things come off of it, two sets of dendrites and axon
Unipolar: one pole coming off of it

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18
Q

Bundle of nerve fibers in the CNS:

A

Tract

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19
Q

Bundle of nerve fibers in the PNS:

A

Nerve

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20
Q

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS:

A

Nuclei

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21
Q

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS:

A

Ganglion

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22
Q

Glia:

A
  • Counterparts to neurons
  • Play a prominent role in the function of the brain
  • The ratio of glial cells is 1:1; depending on area of brain & species
  • Responsible for keeping the neurons in place and cleans NTs
  • 9 subtypes
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23
Q

Name the types of Glia cells:

A

a. Astrocytes
b. Microglia
c. Oligodendrocytes
d. Schwann Cells

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24
Q

Astrocytes [largest glia cells; star-like shape]

A

a. Provide metabolic support to neurons
b. Clean up NTs
c. Hold neurons in place
d. Regulate ions in extracellular space
e. Forms BBB
f. Important for cognition

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25
Q

Name the potential “place of thoughts” in the brain:

A

Astrocyte synctium

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26
Q

Name the functions of microglia:

A

Act as macrophages
Multiply in response to injury/disease
Active immune defense
Fast acting, because antibodies can’t cross the BBB.

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27
Q

Name the function of Oligodendrocytes:

A

Maylination of the CNS

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28
Q

Name the function of Schwann Cells:

A

Maylination in the PNS

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29
Q

The Spinal cord:

A
  • Links brain to body, and takes about 2% of the CNS.
  • Sections at the top have more white matter than grey because it needs more information transmission than at the bottom of the cord.
30
Q

Name the four regions of the spinal cord:

A

From bottom up: sacral, lumbar, thoracic, and cervical.

31
Q

Name the two types of horns:

A

Dorsal and ventral

32
Q

Dorsal horn:

A

Unipolar sensory neuron (afferent nerves; going into CNS)

33
Q

Ventral Horn:

A

Multipolar motor neurons (Efferent nerves; out of CNS)

34
Q

Name the five major divisions of the brain:

A
  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
35
Q

Name the structures that are present in the Myelencephalon (medulla):

A

Reticular formation (reticular activating system), nuclei related to arousal.

36
Q

Name the structures that are present in the METENCEPHALON:

A
  • Pons
  • Cerebellum
    - sensory motor coordination
    - maintain fine motor skills
    - role in cognition/language/attention
37
Q

Name the structures are present in the mesencephalon:

A

Tectum: [Superior collliculi (visuomotor) and Inferior colliculi (auditory)
Tegmentum. The colourful brain regions substantia nigra, red nucleus and periaqueductal grey are found in:
Reticular formation

38
Q

The colourful brain regions substantia nigra, red nucleus and periaqueductal grey are found in:

A

Tagementum - mesencephalon (mid brain)

39
Q

Name the structures that are present in the diencephalon:

A

a. Thalamus
b. Hypothalamus
c. Sensory relay nuclei
d. Mammillary bodies
e. Optic chiasm

40
Q

Name the function of the thalamus:

A

Sensory processing

41
Q

Name the function of the hypothalamus:

A

hormonal release (stress, reproduction, thermal regulation, feeding, etc.).

42
Q

Name the function of the Mamillary bodies:

A

look like two small breasts at the bottom of the brain, important in activating other structures (hippocamphus) degrade first in korsakoff’s syndrome - severe memory loss. Help with forming and recalling episodic memories.

43
Q

Name the function of the Optic chaism:

A

Optic chiasm – an x shape, optic nerve cross over into the optic tract into the brain.

44
Q

Ipsilateral means:

A

Same side - Taste is processed on same side of the body.

45
Q

Contrilateral means:

A

Opposite side

46
Q

Decussate means:

A

Crossing over of information – information on left controls right side sensation and perception.

47
Q

What type of crossover does the optic chaism do?

A

The optic chaism does all three types of cross and same side control/response. Those axons (red in image) are contra lateral and decussate, those green stay ipsilateral.

48
Q

Telencephalon — Neocortex:

A

six most outer layers. Newest cortex evolutionarily – hippocampus is considered paleocortex or old cortex. Neo refers to where we are evolutionarily – can be divided into four lobes. Dfined by anatomical fissures reliably similar across all humans.

49
Q

Name the four lobes of the neocortex?

A

Frontal, parietal, Temporel, and occipital.

52
Q

Name the fissures in the brain:

A

The longitudinal fissure
The central fissure
The parietal occipital sulcus
The lateral Sulcus

53
Q

What structure separates the two hemispheres:

A

The Longitudinal fissure

55
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobe:

A

The central fissure

56
Q

What structure separates the parietal and occipital lobes:

A

The parietal occipital Fissure

58
Q

What structure separates the temporal lobe from the other lobes:

A

Lateral fissure

59
Q

Limbic system regulates the 4 motivated behaviours which are:

A
  • Feeding
  • Fleeing
  • Fighting
  • Sex
60
Q

What structures are present in the primitive cortex of the limbic system:

A
  • Hippocampus

* Cingulate cortex

61
Q

Name the functions of hippocampus:

A

Spatial learning and memory

62
Q

Name the functions of cingulate cortex:

A

Receives input from thalamus and neo cortex

63
Q

Name the subcortical structures present in the limbic system:

A

a. Amygdala
b. Fornix
c. Septum
d. Mammillary bodies

64
Q

Name the functions of the amygdala:

A

Activates emotional system, triggered by emotional stresses. Releases endorphins, stress hormones, sympathetic nervous system, awareness. Orchestrates entire stress response. Some people have a harder time turning this off. Emotional memory

65
Q

What is Kluver-bucy syndrome and what causes it (KBS)

A

Characterized by inappropriate sexual behaviour, and is caused by malfunction of amygdala.

66
Q

Name the functions of the Fornix:

A

White matter tract that connects the hippocampus and other structures subcrotically (Mammillary bodies and the septum).

67
Q

What are the consequences of damaging the Fornix?

A

if damaged/severed lose normal hippocampal function.

68
Q

Name the functions of the Septum

A

anterior to cingulate cortex, activates cortex for encoding.

69
Q

Any damage to the Fornix, septum, or mammillary bodies results in:

A

Severe memory impairment.

70
Q

Basil ganglia - What is the Basil ganglia?

A

Basal Ganglia – system that contains structures that are part of the cortex. Overlap in structures of limbic system (amygdala). Thought to be important for motor learning, procedural learning. Habit learning, simple learning (new watch – learning new way to put on back pack).

71
Q

Name the cortical structures involved in the Basal Ganglia:

A

Amygdala
Nucleus accumbens
Striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen)
Globus pallidus

72
Q

Name the functions of the Nucleus accumbens:

A

Area responsive to rewards in the environment (involved in drug addiction, heavily studied in drug addiction)

73
Q

Name the functions of the Striatum:

A

Projections (receives input) from substantia
= in animals these are not separately distinguishable, in humans it is easier to separate but still considered together. Initiate motor responses in the environment, dopamine initiates the correct movement to complete a task. Parkinson’s patients (depleted in PD, cannot initiate movements but are able to continue movement when correct movement has been provided (robotic lifts in shoes).

74
Q

Name the functions of the Globus pallidus:

A

Initiate movement

75
Q

Basil Ganglia:

A

provides a loop with movement to complete motions, based on rewarding arousal.

Psychology 275 (3 decks)

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