CHAPTER 3 (Anatomy of the Nervous System) Flashcards
is the division of the nervous system located within the skull and spine
central nervous system (CNS)
is the division located outside the skull and spine.
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The peripheral nervous system is composed of two divisions which are?
The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
_______ is the part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment. It is composed of _____that carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, and so on, to the central nervous system and ________ that carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles.
The somatic nervous system (SNS) , afferent nerves and efferent nerves
_______is the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body’s internal environment. It is composed of _______that carry sensory signals from internal organs to the CNS and ______that carry motor signals from the CNS to internal organs.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS), afferent nerves and efferent nerves
The autonomic nervous system has two kinds of efferent nerves which are?
Sympathetic nerves and Parasympathetic nerves
Are autonomic motor nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar (small of the back) and thoracic (chest area) regions of the spinal cord that stimulate, organize, and mobilize energy resources in threatening situations and it is known to be an indicative of psychological arousal.
The sympathetic nerves
Are those autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral (lower back) region of the spinal cord. It act to conserve energy and is known to be an indicative of psychological relaxation.
The parasympathetic nerves
The brain and spinal cord (the CNS) are the most protected organs in the body. They are encased in bone and covered by three protective membranes known as?
Meninges
The three meninges are: is a tough membrane called the _____(tough mother). Immediately inside the dura mater is the fine ______ (spider-web-like membrane). Beneath the arachnoid membrane is a space called the _______which contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid; then comes the innermost meninx, the delicate ______(pious mother), which adheres to the surface of the CNS.
dura mater, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, and pia mater
fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the cerebral ventricles of the brain. It fluid supports and cushions the brain and it is known to be produced by the choroid plexuses (networks of capillaries, or small blood vessels that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater)
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Many toxic substances that are present in the bloodstream are prohibited from entering the brain by a mechanism called the _______ where cells of blood vessel walls are tightly packed, forming a barrier to the passage of large proteins.
The blood–brain barrier
Unlike large toxic molecules, _______, which is critical for the function of the brain, is actively transported through the vessel walls.
glucose
are cells that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals.
Neurons
The neuron cell membrane is composed of a ____or two layers of fat molecules. Embedded in the lipid bilayer are numerous protein molecules that are the basis of many of the cell membrane’s functional properties. Some membrane proteins are_____, through which certain molecules can pass; others are ______which transfer a signal to the inside of the neuron when particular molecules bind to them on the outside of the membrane.
lipid bilayer, channel proteins and signal proteins
A neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body is classified as a?
multipolar neuron
A neuron with one process extending from its cell body is classified as a?
unipolar neuron
A neuron with two processes extending from its cell body is classified as a?
bipolar neuron
Neurons with a short axon or no axon at all are called _____their function is to integrate neural activity within a single brain structure, not to conduct signals from one structure to another.
interneurons
The major internal features of a neuron:
- Sites of aerobic (oxygen-consuming) energy release.
2.The spherical DNA-containing structure of the cell body. - A system of folded membranes in the cell body; rough portions (those with ribosomes) play a role in the synthesis of proteins; smooth portions (those without ribosomes) play a role in the synthesis of fats.
4.The clear internal fluid of the cell. - Internal cellular structures on which proteins are synthesized; they are located on the endoplasmic reticulum.
- A connected system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles.
- Tubules responsible for the rapid transport of molecules throughout the neuron.
- Membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready to release near synapses.
9.Molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of other cells.
1.Mitochondria.
2.Nucleus.
3.Endoplasmic reticulum.
4. Cytoplasm.
5.Ribosomes.
6.Golgi complex.
7.Microtubules.
8.Synaptic vesicles.
9.Neurotransmitters
In the central nervous system, bundles of axons are called ____in the peripheral nervous system, they are called ____
Tracts and nerves
There are several kinds of glia. ______for example, are glial cells with extensions that wrap around the axons of some neurons of the central nervous system. A similar function is performed in the peripheral nervous system by ___a second class of glia. It can guide axonal regeneration (regrowth) after damage. _____make up a third class of glia. They respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris or even entire cells and triggering inflammatory responses. _____ play a role in allowing the passage of some chemicals from the blood into CNS neurons and in blocking other chemicals and they have the ability to contract or relax blood vessels based on the blood flow demands of particular brain regions
Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, Microglia and Astrocytes
_____ are commonly used to discover the overall shape of neurons.
Golgi stain by Camillo Golgi
used to estimate the number of cell bodies in an area, by counting the number of dots.
Nissl stain
A neuroanatomical technique that provides information about the details of neuronal structure is?
electron microscopy
are used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies located in a particular area. The investigator begins by injecting one of several chemicals into the cell body. It is then taken up by cell bodies and transported forward along their axons to their terminal buttons.
Anterograde tracing methods
they are used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting into a particular area. The investigator begins by injecting one of several chemicals into an area of the brain. These chemicals are taken up by terminal buttons and then transported backward along their axons to their cell bodies.
Retrograde tracing methods
REMEMBER!!!!!
- anterior means toward the nose end
- posterior means toward the tail end
- dorsal means toward the surface of the back or the top of the
- ventral means toward the surface of the chest or the bottom of the
- medial means toward the midline of the body
- lateral means away from the midline toward the body
- superior means top
- inferior means bottom
- proximal means close
- distal means far
HEHE
_____is composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons, whereas _____is composed largely of myelinated axons.
Gray matter, white matter
The two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter are called the_____, and the two ventral arms are called ______
dorsal horns and ventral horns
The first indications of the developing brain are three swellings that occur at the anterior end of this tube. These three swellings eventually develop into the adult ___, ____, and ____
forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
The five swellings that compose the developing brain at birth are the?
telencephalon, the diencephalon, the mesencephalon (or midbrain), the metencephalon, and
the myelencephalon
it is the most posterior division of the brain, is composed largely of tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body.
the myelencephalon (or medulla)
it is referred to as the reticular activating system because parts of it seem to play a role in arousal. However, the various nuclei of it are involved in a variety of functions—including sleep, attention, movement, the maintenance of muscle tone, and various cardiac, circulatory, and respiratory reflexes.
reticular formation
Houses many ascending and descending tracts and part of the reticular formation. These structures create a bulge, called the pons, on the brain stem’s ventral surface. The pons isone major division of the _____ the other is the cerebellum (little brain)
Metencephalon
It is an important sensorimotor structure; cerebellar damage eliminates the ability to precisely control one’s movements and to adapt them to changing conditions.
cerebellum
has two divisions. The two divisions of the mesencephalon are the tectum and the tegmentum
Mesencephalon
The posterior pair, called the _____have an auditory function. The anterior pair, called the ____have a visual-motor function; more specifically, to direct the body’s orientation toward or away from particular visual stimuli
inferior colliculi and superior colliculi
tegmentum contains three colorful structures of particular interest to biopsychologists:
The _____is the gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct, the duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles; it is of special interest because of its role in mediating the analgesic (pain-reducing) effects of opioid drugs. The ____(black substance) and the _____are both important components of the sensorimotor system.
periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra and red nucleus
The _____is composed of two structures: the thalamus and the hypothalamus
Diencephalon
The thalamus comprises many different pairs of nuclei: The most well-understood thalamic nuclei are the______—nuclei that receive signals from sensory receptors, process them, and then transmit them to the appropriate areas of sensory cortex. For example, ____ relay stations in the visual _____ auditory and ____ somatosensory
sensory relay nuclei, the lateral geniculate nuclei, the medial geniculate nuclei
It plays an important role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors (e.g., eating, sleep, and sexual behavior). It exerts its effects in part by regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland
The hypothalamus
is the point at which the optic nerves from each eye come together and then decussate (cross over to the other side of the brain)
The optic chiasm
the largest division of the human brain, mediates the brain’s most complex functions. It initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, and mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking, and problem solving.
The telencephalon
The large furrows in a convoluted cortex are called ____and the small ones are called_____. The ridges between fissures and sulci are called _____. The cerebral hemispheres are almost completely separated by the largest of the fissures: the longitudinal fissure.
Fissures, sulci, gyri
The largest cerebral commissure is the?
corpus callosum
Among the largest gyri are the______, the______, and the ______in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, respectively.
precentral gyri, postcentral gyri and superior temporal gyri
The ______analyzes sensations from the body (e.g., touch), whereas the remaining areas of cortex in the posterior parts of the parietal lobes play roles in perceiving the location of both objects and our own bodies and in directing our attention.
postcentral gyrus
The cortex of each temporal lobe has three general functional areas: The ______is involved in hearing and language, the ______identifies complex visual patterns, and the medial portion of temporal cortex (which is not visible from the usual side view) is important for certain kinds of memory.
superior temporal gyrus and inferior temporal cortex
Each frontal lobe has two distinct functional areas: The ______and adjacent frontal cortex have a motor function, whereas the frontal cortex anterior to motor cortex performs complex cognitive functions, such as planning response sequences, evaluating the outcomes of potential patterns of behavior, and assessing the significance of the behavior of others
precentral gyrus
About 90 percent of human cerebral cortex is _____(new cortex), also known as isocortex. It is involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language.
neocortex
______Are large multipolar neurons with pyramid-shaped cell bodies, a large dendrite called an apical dendrite that extends from the apex of the pyramid straight toward the cortex surface, and a very long axon. In contrast, _____are small starshaped interneurons (neurons with a short axon or no axon).
Pyramidal cells and stellate cells
located at the medial edge of the cerebral cortex as it folds back on itself in the medial temporal lobe. It plays a major role in some kinds of memory.
Hippocampus
is involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors—including the four F’s of motivation: fleeing, feeding, fighting, and sexual behavior.
The limbic system
Major structures of the limbic system include the?
amygdala, the fornix, the cingulate cortex, and the septum
It plays a role in the performance of voluntary motor responses and decision making.
The basal ganglia
______is the main output tract of the hippocampus. Its main function is to transmit the information from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and the anterior nucleus of thalamus
Fornix
It is an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory. The combination of these three functions makes the cingulate gyrus highly influential in linking motivational outcomes to behavior (e.g. a certain action induced a positive emotional response, which results in learning).
cingulate cortex
The ______ is considered a part of the limbic system. It mediates the connection between the cortex and subcortical limbic nuclei. It projects fibers to the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, reticular formation, and olfactory cortical areas. It is believed to have a role in limbic regulation
septum
