Chapter 3 Anatomy Flashcards
Study Guide
WHAT ARE THE NINE SYSTEMS
CIRCULATORY
NERVOUS
MUSCULAR
URINARY AND EXCRETORY
RESPIRATORY
DIGESTIVE
ENDOCRINE
RESPIRATORY
SKELETAL
WHAT IS THE ORDER OF DEVELOPEMENT OF A HUMAN?
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM
FACTS ABOUT CELLS
- THEY ARE THE BASIC LIVING UNIT OF LIFE
- THEY VARY IN SIZE, SHAPE, AND FUNCTION DEPENDING UPON THEIR LOCATION
- THEY ARE SO SMALL, NEED MICROSCOPE TO SEE THEM
- WITHIN EACH CELL ARE SMALL STRUCTURES CALLED ORGANELLES
- FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL INCLUDES RESPIRATION, NUTRITION, ENERGY PRODUCTION, WASTE ELIMINATION, AND REPRODUCTION AND MORE
- LIVING CELLS COME ONLY FROM OTHER LIVING CELLS
- CELLS REPRODUCE BY DUPLICATION AND DIVISION INTO TWO NEW CELLS- 5 STEP PHASE (MITOSIS)
MITOSIS
(HUMAN CELL REPRODUCTION)
Cells reproduce by duplication and division into two new cells
5 step phase
THREE MAIN PARTS OF A CELL
DNA (Deoxyribonucelic acid):Stores the information needed to build proteins essential to restore cell and also transfers messages about organisms from parent to offspring.
RNA (Ribonucleic acid): Translates the DNA messages, and guides the protein making process.
Chromosomes: comprised of DNA, and pass on the traits of parent cells to new cells.
FOUR TYPES OF TISSUES
Epithelial tissue: This tissue covers body’s external surface (skin) and the linings of body cavities (mouth, ears, nose, throat, etc.)
Connective tissue: Provides support, stores energy, and connects other tissues and parts (bones, fat, blood, cartilage)
Muscular Tissue: This tissue shortens and contracts. When attached to bone, makes body movement. Also lines the inner walls or organs that contract to help food pass to even pumping blood.
Nervous Tissue: Communication tissue located throughout the body. When stimulated carries messages back and forth between the brain and spinal cord to every part of the body.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
HOW MANY BONES ARE IN THE BODY
There’s Approximately 206 bones in the body.
TWO CONNECTIVE TISSUES
(TENDON AND LIGAMENTS)
Tendons =Connects muscles to bone.
Ligaments= connects bone to bone.
Tendons is a cord of fibrous tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.
Ligaments is a band of connective tissue that connects a bone to another bone.
FIVE FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEMS
- Give the body shape and support
- Allow movement
- Protect vital organs
- Reproduce blood cells
- Store calcium
FOUR TYPES OF JOINTS
- Gliding Joints (spinal column and neck)
- Ball and Socket Joints (shoulder and hip)
- Pivot Joints (Palm of the hand where it swivels)
- Hinge Joints (knees, knuckles, and elbows)
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
(WHAT IT PRODUCES)
The overall covering or lining of a joint is called a synovial membrane.
It secretes or produces a fluid called synovial fluid to lubricate joint surfaces
LAYERS OF BONE
OUTER LAYER:
A hard outer material called cortical or compact bone is dense and strong. Surrounded by the periosteum: a tough membrane that contains bone-forming cells and blood vessels. Consists of calcium and phosphorous.
INNER LAYER:
The inner section of bone is porous, and is called spongy or cancellous bone. It is filled with material called marrow. A pipeline of blood vessels and nerves runs through the middle of thick bones.
HOW MANY MUSCLES ARE IN THE BODY
There are more than 600 muscles in the body
- Heart muscles contract to pump blood
- Muscles in digestive tract move food and fluid through body (Peristalsis)
- Muscles throughout the body produce heat and maintain body’s core temperature.
THREE TYPES OF MUSCLES
There are three types of muscle tissue:
- Skeletal – Attached to bones by tendons (voluntary)
- Smooth- Lining of stomach, intestine (involuntary)
- Cardiac- Heart (involuntary) they contract and make the heart beat
Skeletal muscles as they contract the arms, legs, head, or other body parts move
Smooth are involuntary muscles function without our conscious control (breathing, food, blood)
Cardiac involuntary durable muscle fibers contract to make the heart beat
NERVOUS SYSTEM
(TWO TYPES OF CELLS)
Neurons= (also called nerve cells) Carry and transmit information throughout the body
Neuroglia = Support and protect neurons as they work.
CENTRAL/PERIPHERAL
(NERVOUS SYSTEMS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)= brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System= Branch out of the CNS to other body parts.
CNS= the part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
PNS = is all nerve tissue outside the central nervous systems
THREE SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN
Cerebrum = Control mental activities. Manages how we think, speak, and memory. (Largest portion)
Cerebellum = Control muscle coordination. Body balance and posture
Brain Stem = AKA = Medulla Oblongata- Control your automatic body functions. Heart beat and breathing.
THREE MEMBRANES THAT SURROUND THE BRAIN
- Pia mater =Inner membrane - Clings to Coutour of Brain.
- Arachnoid mater = Middle membrane.
- Dura Mater = Outer Membrane
SENSE ORGANS
- Eyes
- Ears
- Nose
- Tongue
- Skin
They are accessory structures of the nervous system that provide an impression of all that surrounds us
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine System influences functions of METABOLISM, GROWTH, AND PERSONALITY.
Important information about the endocrine system:
- Endocrine glands that produce hormones are not necessarily next to the organs they control.
- The nervous systems and endocrine system work together
- Endocrine glands are located throughout the body.
- Some glands of the endocrine system secrete more then one hormone
PARTS OF THE EAR
External – outer portion. Gathers sound waves, passes them through ear canal to ear drum (Tympanic Membrane)
Middle –Sounds waves pass through 3 bones: Malleus, Incus, Stapes.
Inner –Vibrations are then passed through fluid in the cochlea. Nerve endings transmit impulses to brain.
THREE BONES IN YOUR EAR
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
PARTS OF THE EYES
Sclera-White of the eyes. Provides protection.
Choroid –Middle Layer = Provides nourishment to eye via blood vessels. This layer includes the =
- Iris – Colored Portion.
- Pupil – Circular opening that controls amount of light that enters.
Retina –Third layer. Transmit what you see to brain through the optic nerve.
PURPOSE OF HORMONES
Chemical messengers that travel through the blood and act on target organs
ALL GLANDS
Pituitary gland: “Master Gland” small, pea-shaped. In base of brain. Helps control activity of all other gland.
Thyroid gland: located at the base of the neck. Regulate metabolism
Parathyroid gland: four pea-shaped glands. Control blood calcium level.
Adrenal glands: release adrenalin.
Pancreas: located just below the stomach.
The pancreas has 2 primary hormones that it produces:
- Insulin: which reduces the level of sugar in the blood stream. (Hypoglycemia)
- Glucagon: which can increase the blood’s sugar level. (Hyperglycemia)
The urinary system provides “pollution control” by eliminating body waste and blood is filtered by the urinary system.
Organs of the urinary system in both sexes include:
- Kidneys – process and filter urine
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra: male: 20cmlong, female: 4cm long.
Excretory System removes toxic (poisonous) waste substances. The kidneys (urinary system) and lungs (respiratory system) also perform excretory functions, as do the liver and skin.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Exchange of gases is accomplished automatically as one breathes in a two step process:
- Inspiration(inhaling air into the lungs)
- Expiration(exhaling air from the lungs)
Air contains impurities such as dirt, dust, and microorganisms, and these are filtered out by the respiratory systems.
- Right lung consists of three lobes
- Left lung consists of two lobes (room for heart)
- Located in thoracic cavity
- Covered by thin membrane, pleura
- Protected by skeletal rib cage and sternum
- Diaphragm, muscle located below the lungs, causes chest cavity to expand
Pharynx is when air passes to the pharynx (throat) which is the crossroads of the nose, mouth, voice box, and esophagus. Food continues down the esophagus, while air passes through the larynx (voice box) to the trachea.
The digestive system converts food into energy for the body. The human body requires 6 basic categories of nutrients:
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Fats
- Water
- Minerals
- Vitamins
Digestion breaks food down mechanically (chewing) and chemically (Enzymes and hydrochloric acid in stomach)
Pathway that food takes through the digestive system is called the Alimentary Canal
Close look at 3 Important digestive organs:
Pancreas- Excretes juices that facilitates with digestion in small intestine.
Liver– Produces Bile
Gallbladder- Stores bile (Enzyme that breaks down fat)
ALIMENTARY CANAL
(DIGESTIVE TRACT)
The alimentary canal is approximately 30 feet long and consists of the:
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
- Rectum
- Anus
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The circulatory system is the body’s primary transportation network. Delivers nutrients and oxygen to body cell, and carries away carbon dioxide and other harmful waste products from them. As the blood is pumped through 60,000 miles of blood vessels in the body.
The lymphatic system is a subsidiary of the circulatory system and serves a vital role in the body’s defense against disease.
BLOOD
(55% PLASMA)
Blood is a type of connective tissue fluid that moves throughout the circulatory systems and transports man important substances. Here are some facts:
An average adult body contains and average of five to seven liters of blood.
55% of blood is made up of plasma (yellow fluid contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, minerals and hormones)
ARTERIES, VEINS, CAPILLARIES
Arteries= carry blood awayfrom the heart.
Veins= carry blood back towards the heart.
Capillaries= tiny vessels connections between veins and arteries.
UPPER/LOWER CHAMBERS
The heart is the muscular organ about the size of a fist that pumps five liters of blood through the body every minute:
A thick tissue wall called the septum, separates the right and left sides of the heart.
Four hollow chambers:
- Upper chambers- Left and right atria
- Lower chambers- Left and right ventricles.
Blood Flow:
Blood come in through superior and inferior vena cava (deoxygenated)
Back into left Atrium (oxygenated)
