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Nutrition > Chapter 3: Alcohol Controversy > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Alcohol Controversy Flashcards

1
Q

Myth or Truth: A shot of alcohol warms you up

A

Myth

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2
Q

Myth or Truth: Alcohol diverts blood flow to the skin, making you feel warmer, but it actually cools the body

A

Truth

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3
Q

Myth or Truth: Wine and beer are mild, they do not lead to addiction

A

Myth

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4
Q

Myth or Truth: Wine and beer drinkers worldwide have high rates of death from alcohol-related illnesses. It’s not what you drink, but how much that makes the difference

A

Truth

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5
Q

Myth or Truth: Mixing drinks is what gives you a hangover

A

Myth

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6
Q

Myth or Truth: Too much alcohol in any form produces a hangover

A

Truth

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7
Q

Myth or Truth: Alcohol is a stimulant

A

Myth

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8
Q

Myth or Truth: Alcohol depresses the brain’s activity

A

Truth

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9
Q

Myth or Truth: Alcohol is legal, therefore, it is not a drug

A

Myth

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10
Q

Myth or Truth: Alcohol is legal, but it alters body functions and is medically defined as a depressant drug

A

Truth

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11
Q

In the U.S.; Alcohol related deaths exceed 88,000 yearly; Among U.S. adults, 1 in 6 is a binge drinker (accounting for more than half of the 88,000 deaths annually)

A

Facts

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12
Q

no alcohol intake

A

abstinence

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13
Q

possibly at a special occasion or a social event

A

occasional drinking

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14
Q

per day limit: 1 drink for a woman / 2 drinks for a man

- may not drink every day

A

moderate drinking

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15
Q

4 drinks for a woman / 5 or more drinks for a man in a short period of time - usually within a few hours
- may not drink during the working days but may drink on the off work days

A

heavy episodic (binge) drinking

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16
Q

4 drinks for a woman / 5 or more drinks for a man in a short period of time - usually within a few hours
- may drink daily or almost daily

A

heavy drinking

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17
Q

Does Moderate Alcohol Use Benefit Health?

A

Science is mixed - most research evidence for health benefits is indirect, observational, or explained based upon other factors

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18
Q

Does Moderate Alcohol Use Benefit Health?

A

Some studies on moderate drinking by adults of legal age suggest reduced risk of heart attacks, strokes, and diabetes

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19
Q

Fruit that contains potassium and phytochemicals which work to maintain normal blood pressure and reduce inflammation
(used in wine making)

A

Grapes

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20
Q

_____ from any source in large amounts increases blood pressure and inflammation which increase risk of heart attack and stroke

A

Alcohol

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21
Q
  • Names end in -ol
  • Produced through a fermentation process which involves yeast and starches or sugars
  • Act as lipid solvents
A

Alcohol

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22
Q

One standard drink is slightly more than a half ounce (0.6oz) of pure ethanol

A

Alcohol

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23
Q

a substance to which ethanol is metabolized on its way to becoming harmless waste products that can be excreted

A

Acetaldehyde

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24
Q

an enzyme system that breaks down alcohol

A

Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH)

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25
Q

dependency on alcohol marked by compulsive, uncontrollable drinking with negative effects on physical health, family relationships and social health

A

Alcoholism

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26
Q

a hormone produced by the pituitary gland in response to dehydration (or a high sodium concentration in the blood). It stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water and to excrete less.

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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27
Q

central-body fatness associated with alcohol consumption

A

Beer Belly

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28
Q

advanced liver disease, often associated with alcoholism; in which liver cells have died, hardened, turned an orange color, and permanently lost their function

A

Cirrhosis

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29
Q

a dose of any alcoholic beverage that delivers half an ounce of pure ethanol

A

Drink

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30
Q

the alcohol of alcoholic beverages, produced by the action of microorganisms on the carbohydrates of grape juice or other carbohydrate-containing fluids

31
Q

an inflated sense of well-being and pleasure brought on by a moderate dose of alcohol and some by other drugs

32
Q

an early stage of liver deterioration seen in several diseases, including nonalcoholic and alcoholic liver diseases, in which fat accumulates in the liver cells

A

Fatty Liver

33
Q

an intermediate stage of alcoholic liver deterioration. Liver cells lose their function and assume the characteristics of connective tissue cells (become fibrous)

34
Q

substance to which methanol is metabolized on the way to being converted to harmless waste products that can be excreted

A

Formaldehyde

35
Q

a common pattern of excessive alcohol use that elevates blood alcohol to 0.08% or above; typically, five or more drinks for men, four for women, in about two hours’s time.

A

Heavy Episodic Drinking aka Binge Drinking

36
Q

alcohol produced in the body continually by all cells

37
Q

people who do not drink excessively and do not behave inappropriately because of alcohol. A moderate drinker’s health may or may not be harmed by alcohol over the long term

A

Moderate Drinkers

38
Q

term used on beverage labels, such as wine or beer, indicating that the product contains less than 0.5% alcohol. The terms dealcoholized and alcohol removed mean the same thing. Alcohol free means that the product contains no detectable alcohol

A

Nonalcoholic

39
Q

people who suffer social, emotional, family, job-related, or other problems because of alcohol; on the way to alcoholism

A

Problem Drinkers or Alcohol Abusers

40
Q

statement of the percentage of alcohol in an alcoholic beverage

A

Proof

Liquor that is 100 proof is 50% alcohol and 90 proof is 45% alcohol, etc

41
Q

cluster of symptoms involving nerve damage arising from a deficiency of the vitamin thiamin in alcoholism. Characterized by mental confusion, disorientation, memory loss, jerky eye movements, and staggering gait

A

Wenicke-Koraskoff Syndrome

42
Q

College students who drank caffeine combined with alcohol were twice as likely to:

A
  • be injured
  • require medical attention
  • ride with an intoxicated driver
  • either take sexual advantage or someone or be the victim of sexual aggressiveness
43
Q

depressant that slows down the brain and body

44
Q

stimulant that speeds up the brain and body

45
Q

Energy drinks can

A
  • reduce symptoms of alcohol intoxication

- reduce fatigue / tiredness

46
Q

Alcohol molecules can diffuse (pass through stomach walls to enter into body fluids)

A

Immediate Effect of Alcohol

47
Q

True or False: A lethal dose of alcohol is possible

A

TRUE (depends on the speed and amount consumed)

48
Q

First place of alcohol metabolism in the body?

A

Stomach (before absorption)

49
Q

Produces alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

50
Q

Who produces more alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH); Men or women?

A

Men produce more - which means women absorb more alcohol from each drink

51
Q

____ tend to contain more lean muscle tissue and a greater body water volume – this allows alcohol to be more diluted

52
Q

______ tend to contain less lean muscle tissue and a smaller body water volume - this makes alcohol more concentrated

53
Q

Roughly 5% of alcohol is excreted by the

A

kidneys in urine

54
Q

Roughly 5% of alcohol is excreted by the

55
Q

test that accurately reveals the percent of alcohol in the blood by measuring the percent of alcohol in a person’s breath

A

Breathalyzer

56
Q

Place of alcohol metabolism (after absorption)

57
Q

about 1/2 ounce of blood ethanol per hour is metabolized by the liver

A

Rate of Alcohol Clearance

58
Q

factors which may affect the rate of alcohol clearance

A

persons body size, food and fluid intake, fasting, gender, general health, and previous drinking experience

59
Q

factors which do not affect the rate of alcohol clearance

A

walking, exercising, consuming sources of caffeine, aspirin or other pain reliving compounds, consuming nasty mixtures of foods or beverages, breathing pure oxygen, drinking more alcohol, or taking vitamins

60
Q
  • acetaldehyde

- damaging free radicals, increasing oxidative stress, increasing inflammation

A

Toxic substances that are generated by alcohol metabolism

61
Q

fatty liver is yellowish in color, larger than a normal liver, filled with excess fat

  • excess fat interferes with oxygen and nutrients being delivered to other liver cells
  • fatty liver and fibrous stage can be reversed; if good nutrition and alcohol consumption is stopped in time
A

Organ damage to liver

62
Q

scar tissue develops within the liver

A

Liver Fibrosis

63
Q

liver is swollen, filled with dead cells and scar tissue. The liver can no longer do many of its normal functions. If alcohol intake is stopped now, the liver will not be able to repair itself even with good nutrition.

64
Q

mild (to severe at its worse) form of drug withdrawal

  • common signs/symptoms: headache, pain, nausea, depression, anxiety, fatigue, and reduced cognitive ability and reaction time
65
Q

lack of the antidiuretic hormone causes

A

dehydration of the brain

66
Q

as liquids are consumed and the body rehydrates, brain cells rehydrate which results in pain

67
Q

Heart and Skeletal Muscles

  • weakness and deterioration
  • heart may ultimately bloat and weigh roughly 2x what a normal heart would weigh
  • blood pressure increases (hypertension)
  • increase risk of heart attach
A

Long-term excessive alcohol intake effects

68
Q

Brain

  • dehydration of the brain cells occurs, brain tissues shrink
  • brain tissue is mostly lipid and alcohol is a lipid solvent brain cells die off and brain tissue shrinks
  • Increased risk of brain hemorrhages and strokes
  • brain cells are damaged and die off due to increased oxidized damage with free radicals (from alcohol metabolism) attacking brain cells and generating inflammation
A

Long-term excessive alcohol intake effects

69
Q

Appetite for food may remain and excess alcohol consumed along with food intake. Appetite for food intake may diminish with alcohol replacing food intake

A

Long-term excessive alcohol intake on nutrition

70
Q

Malnutrition – Excess Calories: Low density calories consumed contain alcohol and possibly sugars (carbohydrate - 4 calories per gram)

  • Fattening power of alcohol (7 calories per gram)
  • Liver metabolizes alcohol’s energy for use and stores fat (often in the central abdominal area -“beer belly”)
A

Long-term excessive alcohol intake on nutrition

71
Q

Excessive urine production causes losses in:

  • Water
  • Minerals such as magnesium, potassium, calcium, zinc, etc
  • Vitamins such as all of the water-soluble vitamins (all the B vitamins and vitamin C) and vitamin K
A

Long-term excessive alcohol intake on nutrition

72
Q

Small Intestine’s absorption prevented from absorbing numerous nutrients

A

Long-term excessive alcohol intake on nutrition

73
Q

Malnutrition - Deficiencies

  • Dehydration
  • Wenicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (severe thiamin deficiency)
  • Significant folate deficiency preventing new cells from forming
A

Long-term excessive alcohol intake on nutrition

74
Q

Alcohol prevents use of nutrients such as vitamins A and D and folate

A

Long-term excessive alcohol intake on nutrition

Nutrition (5 decks)

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