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Intro to met > chapter 3: air temperature > Flashcards

chapter 3: air temperature Flashcards

1
Q

Temperature can be described as

A

the degree of hotness or coldness of a specific body.

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2
Q

The temperature of a body is the condition which determines its ability
to

A

transfer heat to other bodies or to receive heat from them.

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3
Q

The temperature of a body is the condition which determines its ability to transfer heat to other bodies or to receive heat from them. In a system of two bodies, the one which loses heat to the other is said to be at

A

a higher temperature.

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4
Q

Practical temperature scales are based on

A

fixed points

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5
Q

Practical temperature scales are based on fixed points. These are

A

constant and easily reproducible

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6
Q

Two internationally-agreed fixed points are the

A

melting point and the boiling point

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7
Q

The melting point is

A

the temperature at which pure ice melts under an external pressure of one standard atmosphere.

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8
Q

The melting point is the temperature at which pure ice melts under an external pressure of one standard atmosphere. This point is also called the

A

freezing point

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9
Q

The boiling point is

A

the temperature at which pure water boils under the one atmospheric pressure.

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10
Q

The main common temperature scales are:

A

Celsius (or the centigrade), Fahrenheit and Kelvin.

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11
Q

melting point of celsius

A

0

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12
Q

the boiling point for celcius

A

100

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13
Q

the melting point of fehrenheit

A

32

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14
Q

the boiling point of fahrenheit

A

212

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15
Q

the melting point of kelvin

A

273.15

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16
Q

the boiling point of kelvin

A

373.15

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17
Q

To convert temperature from Celsius value to the corresponding Fahrenheit value we can use the following formula:

A

F = 9/5 ( C)+32

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18
Q

To convert temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius scale used the following formula:

A

C = 5/9 (F-32 )

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19
Q

The Celsius scale and Kelvin scale are related by the following formula:

A

K = C+ 273.15

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20
Q

Air temperature varies from

A

day to night

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21
Q

Air temperature varies from day to night, by the reason of

A

reason of the earth’s rotation around itself.

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22
Q

Air temperature varies from day to night, by the reason of the earth’s
rotation around itself.
Because of the continuous cooling during night by the

A

loose of the earth’s (terrestrial) radiation into the atmosphere minimum temperature is observed early morning (about one hour after sunrise).

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23
Q

Because of the continuous cooling during night by the loose of the earth’s (terrestrial) radiation into the atmosphere minimum temperature is observed early morning (about one hour after sunrise). Maximum temperature occurs at

A

about two hours after noon

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24
Q

Maximum temperature occurs at about two hours after noon. This is because

A

the atmosphere is heated from the earth’s surface.

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25
Q

Also air temperature varies seasonally. This is due to

A

the earth’s revolution in its orbit around the sun with a tilt of 23.5

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26
Q

In addition the air temperature varies with latitude due to

A

the spherical form of our planet and varies with height by the reason that the atmosphere is not heated directly from the sun (the sun rays are short-wave radiations).

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27
Q

In addition the air temperature varies with latitude due to the spherical
form of our planet and varies with height by the reason that the atmosphere is
not heated directly from the sun (the sun rays are short-wave radiations). It is heated from

A

earth’s surface by the terrestrial radiation (terrestrial radiations are long-wave radiations)

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28
Q

In addition the air temperature varies with latitude due to the spherical form of our planet and varies with height by the reason that the atmosphere is not heated directly from the sun (the sun rays are short-wave radiations). It is heated from the earth’s surface by the terrestrial radiation (terrestrial radiations are long-wave radiations) another reason for decreasing temperature is the

A

decreasing pressure with height. As the pressure decreases the air expands and cools.

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29
Q

Also there are a temperature variations from place to place such as the differences between the heating of the air above water and land. These variations are caused by

A

heating properties of various surfaces

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30
Q

Also there are a temperature variations from place to place such as the
differences between the heating of the air above water and land. These
variations are caused by heating properties of various surfaces. Land is heated

A

more rapidly and for higher temperatures than water, and it is cooled more rapidly and for lower temperatures than water.

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31
Q

These variations are caused by heating properties of various surfaces. Land is heated more rapidly and for higher temperatures than water, and it is cooled more rapidly and for lower temperatures than water. Variations in air temperatures, therefore, are much greater over

A

land than over water

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32
Q

An important reason for temperature variations over water

A

(rising and falling much more slowly than surface temperatures on land) is that water is highly mobile

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33
Q

An important reason for temperature variations over water (rising and falling much more slowly than surface temperatures on land) is that water is highly mobile. As water is heated,

A

turbulence distributes the heat through a considerably larger mass.

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34
Q

An important reason for temperature variations over water (rising and
falling much more slowly than surface temperatures on land) is that water is
highly mobile. As water is heated, turbulence distributes the heat through a
considerably larger mass. On a daily basis, temperature changes occur to
depths of

A

6 meters or more below the surface,

35
Q

An important reason for temperature variations over water (rising and
falling much more slowly than surface temperatures on land) is that water is
highly mobile. As water is heated, turbulence distributes the heat through a
considerably larger mass. On a daily basis, temperature changes occur to
depths of 6 meters or more below the surface, and on a yearly basis , o ceans
and deep lakes are subject to temperature variations through a layer between

A

200 to 600 meters thick.

36
Q

In contrast, heat does not penetrate deeply into

A

soil or rock

37
Q

In contrast, heat does not penetrate deeply into soil or rock; it remains in a

A

thin surface layer.

38
Q

In contrast, heat does not penetrate deeply into soil or rock; it remains in a
thin surface layer. Here there is no

A

turbulence transfer of h eat, there is only a slow process of conduction.

39
Q

Once pollutants enter the atmosphere their concentration

A

decreases as
they mix with clean air.

40
Q

Once pollutants enter the atmosphere their concentration decreases as
they mix with clean air. The rate of dilution depends on

A

atmospheric conditions

41
Q

Once pollutants enter the atmosphere their concentration decreases as
they mix with clean air. The rate of dilution depends on atmospheric
conditions, such as

A

wind speed and atmospheric stability

42
Q

The way atmospheric stability plays a role is the following: solar radiation

A

is refle cted and absorbed by the surface of the Earth; the absorbed radiation heats the surface, which in turn heats the air near the surface; normally (under atmospheric unstable situations) warm air from near the surface moves upward and is replaced by cold air from above (convection)

43
Q

The fact that the temperature in the troposphere decreases with altitude allows …………… to happen

A

convection

44
Q

in the case of surface inversion ………………………… is high

A

the rate of dilution of pollutants

45
Q

temperature inversion

A

The temperature in the troposphere does not always decrease with altitude

46
Q

In the presence of a temperature inversion, the
air near the surface is

A

trapped and cannot move upward

47
Q

In the presence of a temperature inversion, the
air near the surface is trapped and cannot move upward. In this case

A

gases emitted at the surface do not dilute, and the concentration of pollutants increases.

48
Q

Temperature inversions happen in cities that are in

A

valleys.

49
Q

Temperature inversions happen in cities that are in valleys. In this
case the inversion happens because of

A

radiative cooling from the surface.

50
Q

In this
case the inversion happens because of radiative cooling from the surface. At
night the surface cools by

A

emission of infrared radiation

51
Q

In this
case the inversion happens because of radiative cooling from the surface. At
night the surface cools by emission of infrared radiation, so that

A

the coldest air is adjacent to the Earth’s surface and the air temperature increases with altitude.

52
Q

In this case the inversion happens because of radiative cooling from the surface. At night the surface cools by emission of infrared radiation, so that the coldestair is adjacent to the Earth’s surface and the air temperature increases with altitude. This inversion generally persists until

A

the surface is warmed again the next morning by absorption of sunlight

53
Q

Thermal inversions are also common in areas near

A

mountain ranges such as in southern California

54
Q

Thermal inversions are also common in areas near mountain ranges such as in southern California. In this case, the temperature

A

increases because of air that warms up as it descends down the mountain slope

55
Q

The temperature normally decreases with

A

increasing altitude throughout the troposphere.

56
Q

The temperature normally decreases with increasing altitude throughout
the troposphere. This decrease of temperature with altitude is defined as the

A

lapse rate of temperature

57
Q

The average lapse rate is

A

6.5 c/km

58
Q

lapse rate for dry air

A

10 c/km

59
Q

lapse rate for moist air is

A

5 c/km

60
Q

inversion.

A

the temperature increases with height

61
Q

Sometimes, the temperature increases with height. This process is called the
inversion. The inversion is

A

the negative lapse rate

62
Q

Sometimes, the temperature increases with height. This process is called the
inversion. The inversion is the negative lapse rate. There are main two types of
inversions:

A

surface inversion and inversion aloft

63
Q

Surface inversion forms by the reason of

A

continuous cooling at calm and clear nights

64
Q

Inversion aloft occurs when

A

a warm air mass moves over a cold air mass

65
Q

The variation of temperature measures by

A

thermometers.

66
Q

There are many types of thermometers. The most common of them are:

A

1- Liquid-in-glass thermometer. This is a simple instrument that provides relatively accurate readings over a wide temperature range. When temperature rises the fluid expands. In liquid-in-glass thermometers used either mercury or ethyl alcohol. Mercury can only be used down to about -36 C, which is just above its freezing point. For Lower temperatures, absolute ethyl alcohol is generally suitable.

2- Liquid-in-metal thermometer. The indicating unit of these thermometers is really a pressure gauge calibrated to read temper ature. It is widely used in motor car engines as a temperature gauge. This principle is also used in some thermographs. A pen is fitted to the tip of the pointer and the nib moves across a chart placed on a rotating cylindrical drum.
3- Thermograph. It is a self-recording thermometer which makes a continuous record of temperature measurements.

67
Q

If the Earth was a homogeneous body without the present land/ocean
distribution, its temperature distribution would be

A

strictly latitudinal

68
Q

If the Earth was a homogeneous body without the present land/ocean
distribution, its temperature distribution would be strictly latitudinal (Figure
3.5). However, the Earth is more complex than this being composed of a

A

mosaic of land and water.

69
Q

If the Earth was a homogeneous body without the present land/ocean
distribution, its temperature distribution would be strictly latitudinal (Figure
3.5). However, the Earth is more complex than this being composed of a
mosaic of land and water. This mosaic causes

A

latitudinal zonation of temperature to be disrupted spatially.

70
Q

The following two factors are important in influencing the distribution of temperature on the Earth’s surface:

A
  • The latitude of the location determines how much solar radiation is received.
  • Surface properties
71
Q

The latitude of the location determines how much solar radiation is received. Latitude influences

A

the angle of incidence and duration of daylength.

72
Q

Surface properties - surfaces with high albedo absorb

A

less incident radiation

73
Q

Surface properties - surfaces with high albedo absorb less incident radiation. In general, land absorbs less

A

insolation that water because of its lighter color.

74
Q

Surface properties - surfaces with high albedo absorb less
incident radiation. In general, land absorbs less insolation that
water because of its lighter color. Also, even if two surfaces
have the same albedo, a surface’s

A

specific heat determines the amount of heat energy required for a specific rise in temperature per unit mass.

75
Q

In general, land absorbs less insolation that
water because of its lighter color. Also, even if two surfaces
have the same albedo, a surface’s specific heat determines the
amount of heat energy required for a specific rise in
temperature per unit mass. The specific heat of water is some
five times greater than that of

A

rock and the land surface

76
Q

The specific heat of water is some
five times greater than that of rock and the land surface

As a result, water requires

A

the input of large amounts of energy to cause a rise in its temperature.

77
Q

specific heat of water

A

1

78
Q

specific heat of air

A

0.24

79
Q

specific heat of granite

A

0.19

80
Q

specific heat of sand

A

0.19

81
Q

specific heat of iron

A

0.11

82
Q

Mainly because of specific heat, land surfaces behave quite differently from
water surfaces. In general, the surface of any extensive deep body of water
heats more

A

slowly and cools more slowly than the surface of a large land body.

83
Q

Other factors influencing the way land and water surfaces heat and cool include:

A
  • Solar radiation warms an extensive layer in water, on land just the immediate surface is heated.
  •  Water is easily mixed by the process of convection.
  •  Evaporation of water removes energy from water’s surface.

Intro to met (10 decks)

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