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Radiographic Procedures > Chapter 3:Abdomen > Flashcards

Chapter 3:Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

largest and longest bone of the upper limb?

A

humerus

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2
Q

what does the humerus articulate with at the shoulder joint?

A

shoulder blade aka scapula

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3
Q

what action places the humerus in a true ap?

A

external rotation

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4
Q

what does a natural position of the arm leave the humerus position in?

A

in an oblique position midway btw an ap (external rotation) and a lateral (internal rotation)

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5
Q

how are the tubercles located in a true ap projection?

A

the lesser tubercle is anterior and the greater tubercle is lateral

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6
Q

The three aspects of the clavicle are the:

A

(1) Acromial Extremity (2) Body (Shaft) (3) Sternal Extremity

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7
Q

The male/female clavicle tends to be thicker and more curved in shape.

A

Male

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8
Q

what is the function of the clavicle and scapula?

A

to connect each upper limb to the trunk/axial skeleton

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9
Q

how does the shoulder girdle connect to the trunk anteriorly vs posteriorly?

A

anterior: upper sternum
posterior: incomplete since the scapula is connected by muscles only

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10
Q

we know where the lower margin of the scapula is located (what rib number aka T7) but where is the upper margin?

A

at T2

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11
Q

jugular notch

A

the combo of the sternoclavicular joints on either side of the manubrium helps to form the imp positioning landmark called…

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12
Q

the three borders of the scapula

A

medial/vertebral
superior border
lateral/axillary

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13
Q

The three angles of the scapula include the:

A

(1) Lateral Angle (head of the scapula) (2) Superior Angle (3) Inferior Angle

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14
Q

this angle is the thickest part and ends laterally as the glenoid cavity

A

lateral angle

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15
Q

why is the body of the scaupula arched?

A

for greater strength

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16
Q

acromion

A

long curved process that extends laterally over the head of the humerus

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17
Q

thick, beaklike process that projects anteriorly beneath the clavicle coracoid process

A

thick, beaklike process that projects anteriorly beneath the clavicle

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18
Q

scapular notch

A

notch on the superior border that is partially formed by the base of the coracoid process

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19
Q

the dorsal side of the scapula has an elevated spine starting at the vertebral border and coninues laterally to end at what?

A

acromion

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20
Q

The anterior surface of the scapula is referred to as the ___________________ surface.

A

Costal

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21
Q

the spine separated the posterior surface of the scapula into two parts…

A

uppper: supraspinous fossa
lower: infraspinous fossa

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22
Q

what is special about the way the fossa of the scapula are labeled?

A

the fossae serve as surfaces of attachment for shoulder muscles; the names of the muscles are associated with their respective fossa

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23
Q

the lateral projection of the scapula makes the bone look like what letter?

A

Y

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24
Q

what are the upper parts of the y?

A

acromion: expanded distal end of spine extending superiorly/posteriorly to glenoid fossa

coracoid: located aneriorly in relation to the glenoid cavity/shoulder joint
bottom leg of the y is the body of the scapula

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25
Q

coracoid: located aneriorly in relation to the glenoid cavity/show to get scapular y?

A

pt in an antrior oblique with the upper body rotated until the scapula is separated from the rib cage in a true end-on or lateral projectionhoulder joint

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26
Q

what results from a true lateral view of the scapula?

A

the y shape

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27
Q

What is the atomic name for the armpit?

A

Axilla

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28
Q

What are the names of the two fossae located on the posterior scapula?

A

(1) Infraspinous Fossa (2) Supraspinous Fossa

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29
Q

All the joints of the shoulder girdle are classified as being:

A

Synovial (Diarthrodial)

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30
Q

Movement type for the Scapulohumeral Joint:

A

Spheroidal (ball and socket)

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31
Q

what are the different movements the scapulohumeral joint can do?

A

flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, medial/lateral rotation

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32
Q

this is very shallow which allows the greatest freedom in mobility of any joint in the human body but at some expense to its strength and stability

A

glenoid cavity

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33
Q

there are strong ligaments and tendons and muscles surrounding the scapulohumeral joint…however…

A

stretching of muscles/tendons cause separation/dislocation of humeral head from glenoid cavity

34
Q

dislocations at what joint occur more freq than at any other joint in the body requiring…

A

shoulder joint requiring the need for freq radiographic exams of the shoulder to evaluate for structural damage

35
Q

which of the two joints by the clavicle has more gliding free reign?

A

the acromioclavicular joint over the sternoclavicular joint

36
Q

sterno:

A

limited amount of gliding in every direction

37
Q

acromio:

A

end of clavicle plus acromion movement and then rotary mm as the scapula moves forward and backward with the clavicle

38
Q

Movement type for the Sternoclavicular Joint:

A

Plane (gliding)

39
Q

Movement type for the Acromioclavicular Joint:

A

Plane (gliding)

40
Q

rotational views of the proximal humerus are commonly taken on what kind of patients when what have been ruled out?

A

nontrauma when fractures/dislocations of the humerus have been ruled out

41
Q

when are grids generally used?

A

when the humerus is performed erect with the use of a bucky. Adult shoulders generally measure 10-15cm and require grid use.

42
Q

AEC for shoulder

A

center cell for AEC if used for the shoulder

43
Q

radiography of the shoulder region may provide potentially significant doses to what radiosensitve organs ?

A

orgns that have a relative risk of becoming cancerous compared with whole body effective doses thyroid, lung, breasts

44
Q

what to do to help protect these areas?

A

close collimation to area of interest

45
Q

why is close collimation important?

A

ensuring that the final image after processing is of optimal detail quality

46
Q

is accurate centering important?

A

YES: the body part and the CR need to be centered to the IR bc of the way the digital image plate reader scans the exposed imaging plate

47
Q

True/False: The use of contact shields over the breast, lung, and thyroid regions is recommended for most shoulder projections True

A

True

48
Q

If physical immobilization is required, which individual should be asked to restrain a child for a shoulder series?

A

Parent or guardian

49
Q

True/False: CT arthrography of the shoulder joint often requires the use of iodinated contrast media injected into the joint space.

A

True

50
Q

True/False: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an excellent modality for demonstrating bony injuries of the shoulder girdle.

A

False (it is often used on the shoulder to evaluate soft tissue and skeletal involvement of lesions an soft tissue injuries)

51
Q

Impingement Syndrome

A

Compression between the greater tuberosity and soft tissues on the coracoacromial ligamentous and osseous arch. Characterized by Abnormal widening of acromioclavicular joint space.

52
Q

Bankart Lesion

A

Injury to the anteroinferior glenoid labrum. Characterized by Avulsion fracture of the gleniod rim.

53
Q

Tendonitis

A

Inflammatory condition of the tendon. Characterized by Calcified tendons.

54
Q

Superior displacement of the distal clavicle.

A

Characterized by Widening of AC joint space. Acromioclavicular joint dislocation

55
Q

Hill-Sachs defect

A

Compression fracture of the articular surface of the humeral head. Characterized by Compression fracture of the humeral head.

56
Q

Rotator cuff tear

A

Traumatic injury to one or more of the supportive muscles of the shoulder girdle: Teres minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis. Characterized by Partial or complete tear in musculature.

57
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Atrophy of skeletal muscle and reduction in the quantity of bone. Characterized by Thin bony cortex.

58
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Known as degenerative joint disease (DJD) is a noninflammatory joint disease characterized by gradual deterioration of the articular cartilage with hypertrophic bone formation. Evidenced by the narrowing of joint space.

59
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

Chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes that occur throughout the connective tissues of the body. Characterized by Closed joint space.

60
Q

Bursitis

A

An inflammation of the bursae, or fluid-filled sacs enclosing the joints. Characterized by Fluid-filled joint space with possible calcification.

61
Q

Which clinical indications requires a decrease in manual exposure factors?

A

Osteoporosis

62
Q

Which two routine shoulder projections are routinely taken for a shoulder (with no traumatic injury) and proximal humerus?

A

(1) AP, external rotation (2) AP, internal rotation

63
Q

Specifically, where is the the central ray placed for an AP projection of the shoulder?

A

CR perpendicular to IR, directed to 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to coracoid process

64
Q

Which lateral projection can be preformed to demonstrate the entire humerus for a patient with midhumeral fracture?

A

Transthoracic Lateral Projection for Humerus (Lawerence Method)

65
Q

To best demonstrate a possible Hill-Sachs defect, which additional positioning technique can added to the inferosuperior axial projection?

A

Rotate affected arm externally approximately 45 degrees

66
Q

What type of central ray angulation is required for the inferosuperior axial projection of the shoulder?

A

25-30 degrees medially

67
Q

What projection of the shoulder produces an image of the glenoid process in profile? Posterior oblique; Grashey Method

A

Posterior oblique; Grashey Method

68
Q

The supine version of the tangential projection for the intertubercular groove requires that the central ray be angled __________________ posteriorly from the horizontal plane.

A

15-20 degrees

69
Q

Which projection is best for demonstrating possible dislocation of the proximal humerus?

A

Scapular Y Projection

70
Q

Which nontrauma projection can be performed erect to provide lateral view of the proximal humerus in relationship to the glenohumeral joint?

A

PA transaxillary projection (Hobbs Modification)

71
Q

How much is the CR angled for the inferosuperior axial projection (Clements modification) if the patient cannot fully abduct the arm 90 degrees?

A

5-15 degrees

72
Q

What CR angle is required for the AP axial projection (Alexander method) for AC joints?

A

15 degrees cephalad

73
Q

True/False: The PA tranaxillary projection (Hobbs modification) requires no CR angle.

A

True

74
Q

True/False: The transthoracic lateral projection can be performed for possible fractures or dislocations of the proximal humerus.

A

True

75
Q

True/False: The use of a breathing technique can be preformed for the transthoracic lateral humerus projection.

A

True

76
Q

True/False: The affected arm must be paced into external rotation for the transthoracic lateral position.

A

False (Neutral)

77
Q

True/False: A central ray angle of 10-15 degrees caudad may be used for the transthoracic lateral projections if the patient is unable to elevate the uninjured arm and shoulder sufficiently.

A

False (CR angle of 10-15 degrees cephalad)

78
Q

True/False: The scapular Y lateral (anterior oblique) position requires the body to be rotated 30-40 degrees anteriorly toward the affected side.

A

False (45-60 degrees)

79
Q

Which two landmarks are placed perpendicular to the IR for the scapular Y lateral projection?

A

(1) Superior angle of the Scapula (2) AC Joint articulation

80
Q

Which special projection of the shoulder requires that the affected side be rotated 45 degrees toward the cassette and uses a 45 degree caudad central ray angle?

A

AP Apical Oblique Axial Projection (Garth Method)

81
Q

A posterior dislocation of the humerus projects the humeral head ___________________ to the glenoid cavity with the AP Apical Oblique Axial Projection.

A

Superior

Radiographic Procedures (2 decks)

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