Chapter 3 Flashcards
Drug transfer to the fetus is more likely during the last trimester of pregnancy for which reason?
a. Decreased fetal surface area
b. Increased placental surface area
c. Enhanced blood flow to the fetus
d. Increased amount of protein-bound drug in maternal circulation
ANS: C
Drug transfer to the fetus is more likely during the last trimester as a result of enhanced blood
flow to the fetus. The other options are incorrect. Increased fetal surface area, not decreased, is a
factor that affects drug transfer to the fetus. The placenta’s surface area does not increase during
this time. Drug transfer is increased because of an increased amount of free drug, not proteinbound drug, in the mother’s circulation.
The nurse is monitoring a patient who is in the 26th week of pregnancy and has developed
gestational diabetes and pneumonia. She is given medications that pose a possible fetal risk, but
the potential benefits may warrant the use of the medications in her situation. The nurse
recognizes that these medications are in which U.S. Food and Drug Administration pregnancy
safety category?
a. Category X
b. Category B
c. Category C
d. Category D
ANS: D
Pregnancy category D fits the description given. Category B indicates no risk to animal fetus;
information for humans is not available. Category C indicates adverse effects reported in animal
fetus; information for humans is not available. Category X consists of drugs that should not be
used in pregnant women because of reports of fetal abnormalities and positive evidence of fetal
risk in humans.
When discussing dosage calculation for pediatric patients with a clinical pharmacist, the nurse
notes that which type of dosage calculation is used most commonly in pediatric calculations?
a. West nomogram
b. Clark rule
c. Height-to-weight ratio
d. Milligram per kilogram of body weight formula
ANS: D
The milligram per kilogram formula, based on body weight, is the most common method of
calculating doses for pediatric patients. The other options are available methods but are not the
most commonly used. Height-to-weight ratio is not used.
The nurse is assessing a newly admitted 83-year-old patient and determines that the patient is
experiencing polypharmacy. Which statement most accurately illustrates polypharmacy?
a. The patient is experiencing multiple illnesses.
b. The patient uses one medication for an illness several times per day.
c. The patient uses over-the-counter drugs for an illness.
d. The patient uses multiple medications simultaneously.
ANS: D
Polypharmacy usually occurs when a patient has several illnesses and takes medications for each
of them, possibly prescribed by different specialists who may be unaware of other treatments the
patient is undergoing. The other options are incorrect. Polypharmacy addresses the medications
taken, not just the illnesses. Polypharmacy means the patient is taking several different
medications, not just one, and can include prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, and
herbal products
The nurse is aware that confusion, forgetfulness, and increased risk for falls are common
responses in an elderly patient who is taking which type of drug?
a. Laxatives
b. Anticoagulants
c. Sedatives
d. Antidepressants
ANS: C
Sedatives and hypnotics often cause confusion, daytime sedation, ataxia, lethargy, forgetfulness,
and increased risk for falls in the elderly. Laxatives, anticoagulants, and antidepressants may
cause adverse effects in the elderly, but not the ones specified in the question.
For accurate medication administration to pediatric patients, the nurse must take into account which criteria? a. Organ maturity b. Renal output c. Body temperature d. Height
ANS: A
To administer medications to pediatric patients accurately, one must take into account organ
maturity, body surface area, age, and weight. The other options are incorrect; renal output and
body temperature are not considerations, and height alone is not sufficient.
The nurse recognizes that it is not uncommon for an elderly patient to experience a reduction in
the stomach’s ability to produce hydrochloric acid. This change may result in which effect?
a. Delayed gastric emptying
b. Increased gastric acidity
c. Decreased intestinal absorption of medications
d. Altered absorption of weakly acidic drugs
ANS: D
Reduction in the stomach’s ability to produce hydrochloric acid is an aging-related change that
results in a decrease in gastric acidity and may alter the absorption of weakly acidic drugs. The
other options are not results of reduced hydrochloric acid production.
The nurse is administering drugs to neonates and will consider which factor may contribute the most to drug toxicity? a. The lungs are immature. b. The kidneys are small. c. The liver is not fully developed. d. Excretion of the drug occurs quickly
ANS: C
A neonate’s liver is not fully developed and cannot detoxify many drugs. The other options are
incorrect. The lungs and kidneys do not play major roles in drug metabolism. Renal excretion is
slow, not fast, because of organ immaturity, but this is not the factor that contributes the most to
drug toxicity.
An 83-year-old woman has been given a thiazide diuretic to treat mild heart failure. She and her
daughter should be told to watch for which problems?
a. Constipation and anorexia
b. Fatigue, leg cramps, and dehydration
c. Daytime sedation and lethargy
d. Edema, nausea, and blurred vision
ANS: B
Electrolyte imbalance, leg cramps, fatigue, and dehydration are common complications when
thiazide diuretics are given to elderly patients. The other options do not describe complications
that occur when these drugs are given to the elderly.
An elderly patient with a new diagnosis of hypertension will be receiving a new prescription for
an antihypertensive drug. The nurse expects which type of dosing to occur with this drug
therapy?
a. Drug therapy will be based on the patient’s weight.
b. Drug therapy will be based on the patient’s age.
c. The patient will receive the maximum dose that is expected to reduce the blood
pressure.
d. The patient will receive the lowest possible dose at first, and then the dose will be
increased as needed.
ANS: D
As a general rule, dosing for elderly patients should follow the admonition, “Start low, and go
slow,” which means to start with the lowest possible dose (often less than an average adult dose)
and increase the dose slowly, if needed, based on patient response. The other responses are
incorrect.
The nurse is trying to give a liquid medication to a -year-old child and notes that the
medication has a strong taste. Which technique is the best way for the nurse to give the
medication to this child?
a. Give the medication with a spoonful of ice cream.
b. Add the medication to the child’s bottle.
c. Tell the child you have candy for him.
d. Add the medication to a cup of milk.
ANS: A
Ice cream or another nonessential food disguises the taste of the medication. The other options
are incorrect. If the child does not drink the entire contents of the bottle, medication is wasted
and the full dose is not administered. Using the word candy with drugs may lead to the child
thinking that drugs are actually candy. If the medication is mixed with a cup of milk, the child
may not drink the entire cup of milk, and the distasteful drug may cause the child to refuse milk
in the future.
The nurse is preparing to give an injection to a 4-year-old child. Which intervention is age
appropriate for this child?
a. Give the injection without any advanced preparation.
b. Give the injection, and then explain the reason for the procedure afterward.
c. Offer a brief, concrete explanation of the procedure at the patient’s level and with
the parent or caregiver present.
d. Prepare the child in advance with details about the procedure without the parent or
caregiver present.
ANS: C
For a 4-year-old child, offering a brief, concrete explanation about a procedure just beforehand,
with the parent or caregiver present, is appropriate. The other options are incorrect for any age
group.
Which statements are true regarding pediatric patients and pharmacokinetics? (Select all that
apply.)
a. The levels of microsomal enzymes are decreased.
b. Perfusion to the kidneys may be decreased and may result in reduced renal
function.
c. First-pass elimination is increased because of higher portal circulation.
d. First-pass elimination is reduced because of the immaturity of the liver.
e. Total body water content is much less than in adults.
f. Gastric emptying is slowed because of slow or irregular peristalsis.
g. Gastric emptying is more rapid because of increased peristaltic activity.
ANS: A, B, D, F
In children, first-pass elimination by the liver is reduced because of the immaturity of the liver,
and microsomal enzymes are decreased. In addition, gastric emptying is reduced because of slow
or irregular peristalsis. Perfusion to the kidneys may be decreased, resulting in reduced renal
function. The other options are incorrect. In addition, remember that total body water content is
greater in children than in adults.
Which statements are true regarding the elderly and pharmacokinetics? (Select all that apply.)
a. The levels of microsomal enzymes are decreased.
b. Fat content is increased because of decreased lean body mass.
c. Fat content is decreased because of increased lean body mass.
d. The number of intact nephrons is increased.
e. The number of intact nephrons is decreased.
f. Gastric pH is less acidic.
g. Gastric pH is more acidic.
ANS: A, B, E, F
In the elderly, levels of microsomal enzymes are decreased because the aging liver is less able to
produce them; fat content is increased because of decreased lean body mass; the number of intact
nephrons is decreased as the result of aging; and gastric pH is less acidic because of a gradual
reduction of the production of hydrochloric acid. The other options are incorrect statements.
