Chapter 3 Flashcards
Franz Joseph Gall
- phrenology
- theorized localization of mental functions
- mapping the brain using anecdotal information
phrenology
process of relating skull anatomy to behavior
Non-fluent aphasia
- damage to left frontal cortex
- difficulty to produce speech.
Wernicke’s aphasia
- fluent aphasia
- left
- difficulty speaking in coherent sentences/understanding speech.
- posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus.
Postmortem assessment
- important for confirming disease (alzheimers).
- evidence for sexual dimorphism & behavior.
Ablation
removing or destroying part of the brain and observing behaviour.
- more precise than lobotomies.
Corticol surface technique
- suing suction device.
Subcorticol technique
uses stereotaxic instrument, a device for the precise placement of electrodes in the brain
Henry Gustav Molaison
- removal of hippocampus to relieve seizures.
- resulted in inability to for new long term (episodic) memories.
Brain volume imaging methods
- CAT scan (injection of contrast, x ray)
- MRI
Brain activity imaging methods
- PET scan
- EEG
- FMRI
_________ are more invasive than __________.
- CAT scan more invasive than MRI.
- PET is more invasive than EEG and fMRI.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
- application of magnetic stimulation to a portion of the scalp.
- mild stimulation = stimulate neurons.
- stronger stimulation = inactivates the neurons.
Mediolateral
From center of organism to one or other side
Ipsilateral
located on same side of the body.
Contralateral
located on opposite side of the body.
CNS
spinal cord, brain
PNS
nerves, peripheral ganglia
Autonomic NS
controls involuntary muscles.
- incl parasympathetic ans sympathetic system.
Somatic NS
controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory info the the CNS.
Sympathetic NS
expends energy
Parasympathetic NS
conserves energy
Medial
toward the midline away from the side.
Lateral
towards the side, away from midline.
Ventral
towards the stomach
Dorsal
towards the back.
Telencephalon includes
the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia
Cerebral cortex
made up of gray matter (neurons + glia).
- convoluted by sulci/fissures and gyri.
Four lobes of cerbral cortex
- ) frontal
- ) parietal
- ) occipital
- ) temporal
Frontal lobe
- abstract reasoning, emotion, personalty, decision making, executive functioning, motor movement.
Parietal lobe
- numerical information, integrates spatial info, processes sensory info.
Occipital lobe
vision perception
Temporal lobe
- auditory info, memory and learning, language, facial recognition, emotion, motivation.
Limbic system
- structures that form a border around the
brain stem. - emotions, anxiety, depression, alzheimers.
ex: olfactory bulb, amygdala, hippocampus,
cingulate gyrus, (portion of nucleus accumbens &
hypothalamus
Basal ganglia
- important for motor movement, procedural learning, reward system.
- involved in Parkinsons, OCD, SCZ.
Diencephalon contains
thalamus, hypothalamus
Thalamus
- relay sensation, spatial and motor signal info.
- regulates consciousness, sleep, alertness.
Hypothalamus
- controls autonomic nervous & endocrine system.
- fighting, feeding, mating, sleeping (motivational behaviours).
Anterior pituitary
master gland, that releases tropic hormones that control secretion and production of hormones in other glands of the endocrine system.
Mid-brain contains
tectum and tegmentum
Fore-brain
diencephalon & telencephalon
Hind-brain
Metencephalon & myelencephalon
Tectum
- roof of mid-brain.
- swelling on each side are superior (visual/eyes) and inferior (auditory processing).
Tegmentum
- floor of midbrain
- includes gray matter, VTA.
Cerebellum
- vital for standing, walking, coordination, sense of timing of external stimuli.
Pons
- control sensations and movement of head.
Medulla Oblongata
- connected to cranial nerves.
- opiate receptors.
Spinal Cord
- protected by vertebral column.
- 24 vertebrae.
- formed at 31 places along spinal cord.
Bell-Magendie Law
afferent dorsal fibres and efferent ventral fibres form spinal nerves.
Central Nerves
- nerves in the neck
- supply movement & feelings to the arms, neck and upper trunk.
Thoracic Nerves
- nerves in upper back.
- supply movement and sensation to the trunk and abdomen.
Lumbar & Sacral nerves
- nerves in the lower back
- supply movement and sensation to the legs, bladder, bowel & sexual organs.
Spinal nerves
from the vertebral column, fibres travel to muscles or from sensory receptors.
Protection of the Brain
- ) blood brain barrier
- ) meninges
- ) cerebral spinal
Meninges
layers of connective tissues that protect the CNS.
3 layers that encase the CNS that protect the brain and spinal
cord
- dura matter (tough, flexible).
- arachnoid membrane (soft, spongy)
- pia matter (thin, delicate).
lateral ventricles
largest ventricle located in the center of the telencephalon.
third ventricles
located in the enter of diencephalon.
fourth ventricles
located between cerebellum and dorsal pons in the center of the metecephalon.
interventricular foramen
connects the lateral and third ventricle.
cerebral aqueduct
narrow tobe connecting third and fourth ventricle.
choroid plexus
special tissue that manufacture CSF.
hydrocephalus
a condition in which an accumulation of CSF occurs within the brain.
normal pressure hydrocephalus
an accumulation of CSF that causes the ventricles in the brain to become enlarged, sometimes.
CSF
- provides protective buoyancy that makes brain 1/30th of its actual weight.
- cushions brain against shock.
- maintain chemical environment of CNS.
- removes potentially harmful metabolites.
