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Ch 3: The cellular level of organization > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

sex cells

A

germs cells or reproductive cells are either sperm of males or oocytes or immature ova, the egg of females

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2
Q

Somatic Cells

A

body cells include all other cells except sex cells

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the material between the plasma membrane and membrane surrounds the nucleus

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4
Q

Cytosol

A

intracellular fluid, a mixture of water and various dissolved and insoluble materials, organelles and inclusions are suspended

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5
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

the outer boundary of the cell, the function is physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity to the environment and structural support

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

control of metabolism, storage, and processing of genetic information, control of protein synthesis

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7
Q

cytoskeletal

A

cell’s skeleton, internal protein framework that gives cytosol strength and support, movement of cellular structures and materials

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8
Q

Microvilli

A

non-motile projections greatly increase the surface area of the cell exposed to the extracellular environment

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9
Q

cilia

A

some are non-motile and motile, motile they beat rhythmically to move fluids or secretions across the cell

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10
Q

Flagella

A

whip-like extension of the plasma membrane beat in a wavelike fashion, sperm only human cell that has flagella

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11
Q

Ribosomes

A

organelles responsible for protein synthesis

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12
Q

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

A

functions as a combination of workshop and shipping warehouse, synthesize proteins

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13
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

A

involved in the synthesis of lipids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates, sequestering of calcium ions, and detoxification

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14
Q

Lysosomes

A

contain digestive enzymes that break organic polymers into monomers

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15
Q

Peroxisomes

A

absorb and break down fatty acids and other organic compounds, generate hydrogen peroxide a potentially dangerous free radical

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16
Q

proteasomes

A

remove proteins form the cytoplasm, remove and recycle damaged or denatured proteins

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17
Q

Mitochondria

A

the organelle that produces energy form ATP molecules

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18
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

modifies and package secretions, such as hormones, adds or removes carbohydrates to or from proteins to change protein structure, such as hormones, adds or removes carbohydrates to or from proteins to change protein structure, renews or modifies plasma membrane, packages special enzymes within vesicles

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19
Q

Gene

A

functional of heredity, a portion of DNA stand specfic protein

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20
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and histones are loosely coiled within the nucleus occurs when cell is not dividing

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21
Q

Chromosomes

A

distinct structures chromatin coiling becomes tighter

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22
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from one solution to another solution that contains a higher solute concentration

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23
Q

Hypertonic

A

water moves

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24
Q

Isotonic

A

no osmotic flow takes place and size and shape of the cell look normal

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25
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

transport by a carrier protein, molecule to be transported bind to a receptor site, the shape of carrier protein in changes and moves a molecule across plasma membrane

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26
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy

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27
Q

Active Transport

A

ATP provides the energy needed to move ions or molecules across the membrane

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28
Q

Endocytosis

A

packing of extracellular materials into a vesicle for transport into the cell

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29
Q

Phagocytosis

A

vesicles called phagosomes form at the plasma membrane to bring particles into the cell, “Cell eating”

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30
Q

pinocytosis

A

vesicles form at the plasma membrane and bring fluids and small molecules into the cell, “cell drinking”

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31
Q

exocytosis

A

intracellular vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release fluids and/or solids from the cells

32
Q

cell cycle

A

an ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in division of parent cell until its own division into 2

33
Q

Mitosis

A

division of the single-cell nucleus that produces 2 identical daughter cell nuclei

34
Q

Meiosis

A

gametes (sex cells) formation, it reduces the number of chromosomes

35
Q

Prophase

A

chromatin condenses, centrioles move to opposite poles and spindle fibers form and extends to chromosomes al, nuclear envelope disappears

36
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes aligned in the equator of the cell

37
Q

anaphase

A

chromones pair splits and pulled toward opposite ends of the cell

38
Q

telophase

A

nuclear membrane re-forms, chromosomes gradually uncoil

39
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells

40
Q

cancer

A

illness,uncontrolled growth, and replication of affected cells

41
Q

tumor

A

(neoplasm)is a mass or swelling produced by abnormal cell growth and division

42
Q

benign

A

cells usually remain within the tissue where it originated

43
Q

malignant tumor

A

cells do not remain confined, spread into the surrounding heart

44
Q

carcinogens

A

stimulate cancer formation in affected tissues

45
Q

metastasis

A

the spread of cancer cells from one organ to another

46
Q

oncogenes

A

modified genes, a mutation occurs in a gene involved with cell growth, differentiation

47
Q

Carbohydrates

A

the molecule contains, carbon and oxygen in a ratio 1:2;1 carbohydrate is most important as an energy source that is catabolized

48
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple, sugar, 3 to 7 carbon atoms. glucose is the most important metabolic fuel in the body

49
Q

disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides joined together, for example, sucrose. maltose, lactose

50
Q

polysaccharides

A

serval monosaccharides joined together, example starch glucose/glycogen

51
Q

glucose

A

the preferred energy source for most cells and normally the only energy source for neurons

52
Q

glycogen

A

molecule body stores carbohydrates are stored in muscles cells and liver

53
Q

Lipids

A

contain carbon and hydrogen, and oxygen and carbon to hydrogen ratio are near !:2, they contain much less oxygen than do carbohydrates with the same number of carbon atoms. Lipids form essential structural compontents of all cells. Lipids also are important energy reserves

54
Q

Triglyceride

A

molecules made up of one glycerol and 3 fatty acids

55
Q

Saturated Fat

A

a triglyceride with all single bonds, solid at room temperature

56
Q

Unsaturated Fat

A

a triglyceride with at least 1 double bond, liquid at room temperature

57
Q

leukotrienes

A

produced mostly by cells involved with coordinating the responses to injury or disease

58
Q

prostaglandins

A

released by damaged tissue and stimulate nerve endings and produce the sensation of pain

59
Q

steroids

A

large lipid molecule that shares a distinctive 4 ring carbon structure, examples of the sex hormones estrogen, and testosterone

60
Q

cholesterol

A

has a steroid structure, important form structure of sex hromones

61
Q

high-density lipoprotein

A

good lipids, lipoprotein in that removes cholesterol from the blood and is associated with a reduced risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease

62
Q

low-density lipoprotein

A

bad lipids, lipoprotein in which cholesterol is transported

in the blood and attaches to blood vessel walls

63
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

a synthetic steroid hormone that resembles testosterone in promoting the growth of muscle

64
Q

Phospholipids

A

a molecule made up of phosphate, one glycerol 2 fatty acids, forms the plasma membrane

65
Q

Define the state and structure and state the function of the protein

A

most abundant organic molecules in the human body and many ways most important.proteins have essential functions, support, movement, transport, metabolic regulation, and defense

66
Q

amnio acids

A

organic molecules that make up proteins, centra carbon, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group, There are 20 different group

67
Q

Peptide

A

the covalent bond that bonds 2 amino acids together

68
Q

Polypeptides

A

large peptide chains, many amnio acids together

69
Q

active site

A

the region within the enzyme where the substrate binds, it is a special region of the enzyme

70
Q

substrate

A

the reactant the enzyme reactions on

71
Q

define the structure and state the function of nucleic acids

A

nucleic acids make up genetic material, subunits are composed of nucleotides are made up of phosphate 5 different bases and sugar

72
Q

DNA

A

stands for deoxyribose nucleic acids, it carries the genetic material of cells, its sugar is deoxyribose

73
Q

RNA

A

stands for ribose nucleic acids perform protein synthesis as directed by DNA

74
Q

ATP

A

stands for adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that carries a cell’s energy, energy is stored in the phosphate bonds

75
Q

Type 1

A

an autoimmune disorder that occurs when T cells attack and destroy most of the beta cells in the pancreas that are needed to produce insulin so that the pancreas makes too little insulin (or no insulin)

76
Q

Type 2

A

the body either resists the effects of insulin,” insulin resistance” or does not produce enough insulin to maintain a normal glucose level

Ch 3: The cellular level of organization (2 decks)

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