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Cross-cultural Psychology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

cultural orientation

A

refers to the tendency to think, feel, or behave in a way that is culturally determined

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2
Q

A person’s cultural orientation provides a basis for differences between culturesand can influence such things as:

A
  • Self-identity - Interpersonal relationships - Resolving conflict - Communication - Gender roles
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3
Q

Cultural dimensions

A

refer to the tendency to think, feel, or behave in a way that is culturally determined

  • Power Distance Index
  • Individualism vs Collectivism
  • Masculinity vs Femininity
  • Uncertainty Avoidance
  • Long vs Short term orientation
  • Indulgence vs Restraint
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4
Q

Geert Hofstede (1970’s)

A
  • among the first researchers to measure cultural differences on a global level - (6 Dimensions of National Culture) - Researched cultural values while employed at IBM in 1960’s and 70’s - Data collected from >100,000 people > 30 countriesCreated model of value dimensions (5 now 6) - Value dimensions reflect differences in how cultures tend to operate
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5
Q

Cultural Comparisons: A Dimensional Approach

A

Cultures can be organized along several value dimensions (Hofstede, 2001) - Power: Egalitarian vs. Hierarchal - Identity: Individual vs. Collective - Gender: Masculinity vs. Femininity - Uncertainty: Ambiguity vs. Structure - Time: Long vs short term orientation - Pleasure: Indulgence vs. Restraint

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6
Q

Cultural Comparisons: A Dimensional Approach

A
  • Each dimension derived by comparing many, but not all, countries (Hofstede, 2001) - Results can be summarized into six world maps - A great deal of within-country variation possible - Maps should be seen as rough climate maps of culture
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7
Q

Individualism

A

Focus on individual needs, personal achievement

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8
Q

Collectivism

A

Focus on group needs, interpersonal relationships

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9
Q

Individualistic cultures

A

People tend to focus onthemselves and behaveindependently Often place own needsover the groups needs

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10
Q

Collectivistic cultures

A

Society emphasizes the importance of groups, loyalty,and harmony Often place needs of groupbefore one’s own needs

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11
Q

INDIVIDUALISTIC West Europe, Australia, USA

A

Independencefrom the group Personal freedom, autonomy Separated, detached, unique

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12
Q

COLLECTIVISTIC Latin America, Eastern Europe, Asia

A

Dependence on others Moral obligations, duty, loyalty to group Embedded, interrelated, supported

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13
Q

Individualism vs. Collectivism

A
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14
Q

High Power Distance

A
  • Society emphasizes respect for power hierarchies and obeying rules
  • In business contexts, the employees expect to be given orders
  • Legitimacy of power less important
  • Elderly respected and feared
  • Parents teach children obedience
  • China, Russia, Mexico, Saudi
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15
Q

Low Power Distance

A
  • Society emphasizes equality and places less importance on power and status
  • In business contexts, the employees expect to be consulted
  • Use of power must be legitimate
  • Elderly relatively less respected and feared
  • Parents often treat children as equal
  • north america, Australia, Sweden
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16
Q

Power Distance: high vs. low

A
17
Q

Femininity - Masculinity World Map

A
18
Q

Masculine Cultures

A
  • More stereotypical beliefs about gender roles
  • Emphasis is on ambition, control competition, assertiveness, and achievement
  • High differentiation in gender social roles
  • Admire strength
  • Fathers deal with facts mothers with feelings
19
Q

Femenine Cultures

A
  • Lots of overlap between male and female roles
  • Emphasis is on cooperation, modesty, and high-quality interactions
  • Low differentiation between the genders
  • Sympathy for the weak
  • Fathers/mothers teach children facts/feelings
  • North/Latin Europe, Chile, South Korea
20
Q

Masculinity vs. Femininity: high vs. low

A
21
Q

High uncertainty-avoidance

A
  • People try to control/predict the future whenever possible
  • Emphasis is on stability, rules and following procedures
  • Intolerant of ideas & behavior different from the norm
  • Differences & change is discouraged
  • Need for clarity and structure
  • Russia, Greece, South America
22
Q

Low Uncertainty Avoid

A
  • People more content to let the future unfold as it will
  • More relaxed attitude and behavior toward obeying rules and procedures
  • Tolerant of ideas & behavior different from the norm
  • Differences celebrated
  • Comfortable with ambiguity/chaos
23
Q

Uncertainty Avoidance: high vs. low

A
24
Q

Long-term orientation

A
  • Traditions play an important role in daily life
  • More relaxed orientation toward being on time for social engagements
  • Most important life events will occur in the future
  • Defer gratification until later date
  • Emphasize future market positions
  • North America, China, Russia, Europe
25
Q

Short-term orientation

A
  • Self-enhancement and progress is emphasized
  • Promptness is a highly valued attribute
  • Most important life events occur in past or present
  • Immediate gratification of needs/desires is OK
  • Emphasis in business on short-term profits/gains
  • North America, Africa, Venezuela
26
Q

Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation

A
27
Q

Indulgent culture

A
  • Following your impulses is good, seek pleasure, friendships first
  • Hedonism (seeking pleasure) is promoted in the media/arts
  • More lenient sexual norms and higher percentage of obese people
  • Encourage gratifying one’s desires
  • Emphasize enjoyment of life, having fun
  • Free expression of emotions encouraged
  • North America, Australia, Mexico
28
Q

Restrained culture

A
  • Life is hard, duty vs. freedom is the normal state of being
  • Not necessarily more moral, more restrictive on what is considered acceptable
  • Stricter sexual norms, lower percent of obese people
  • Less allowance to pursue desires
  • Stricter social norms
  • Control of behavior & emotions encouraged
  • Eastern Europe, Russia, China, Middle East
29
Q

Indulgence vs. Restraint

A
30
Q
A
31
Q

Closing the deal: Cultural differences

A
  • In Western countries, the objective is to work toward a goal of mutual understanding and agreement and ‘shake-hands’ when that agreement is reached – a cultural signal of the end of negotiationsand the start of ‘working together’
  • In Middle Eastern countries, much negotiation takes place leading up to the ‘agreement’, signified by shaking hands. However, the deal is not complete in the Middle Eastern culture. In fact, shaking hands is a cultural sign that ‘serious’ negotiations are just beginning

Cross-cultural Psychology (1 decks)

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