Chapter 3 Flashcards by Elizabeth Mazza

What is the source and action of histamine?

source: mast cells, basophils, platelets
action: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, endothelial activation

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What is the source and action of prostaglandins?

source: mast cells, leukocytes
action: vasodilation, pain, fever

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What is the source and action of leukotrienes?

source: mast cells, leukocytes
action: increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion and activation

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What is the source and action (local and systemic) of cytokines (TNF, IL1, IL6)?

source: macrophages, endothelial cells, mast cells
action: local - endothelial activation (expression of adhesion molecules), systemic - fever, metabolic abnormalities, hypotension (shock)

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What is the source and action of chemokines?

source: activated macrophages, endothelial cells, leukocytes (T lymphocytes, mast cells)
action: chemotaxia (in normal tissue), leukocyte activation/recruitment to site of inflammation

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What is the source and action of platelet-activating factor?

source: leukocytes, mast cells
action: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation, oxidative burst

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What is the source and action of the complement system?

source: plasma (produced in the liver)
action: leukocyte chemotaxis and activation, direct target killing (membrane attack complex), vasodilation (mast cell stimulation)

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What is the source and action of kinins?

source: plasma (produced in the liver)
action: increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, pain

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What is the source and action of TNF in acute inflammation?

source: macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes
action: stimulate expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and secretion of other cytokines; systemic effects

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What is the source and action of IL1 in acute inflammation?

source: macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells
action: similar to TNF, but greater role in FEVER

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What is the source and action of IL6 in acute inflammation?

source: macrophages, other cells
action: systemic effects (acute phase response)

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What is the source and action of IL17 in chronic inflammation?

source: T lymphocytes
action: recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes

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What is the source and action of IL12 in chronic inflammation?

source: dendritic cells, macrophages
action: increased production of IFN-gamma

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What is the source and action of IFN-gamma in chronic inflammation?

source: T lymphocytes, NK cells
action: activation of macrophages (increased ability to kill microbes and tumor cells)

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What is the source and action of IL17 in chronic inflammation?

source: T lymphocytes
action: recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes

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What are the principal mediators of vasodilation? (2)

histamine, prostaglandins

What are the principal mediators of increased vascular permeability? (7)

histamine and serotonin
C3a and C5a (by liberating vasoactive amines from mast cells)
leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

What are the principal mediators of chemotaxis, leukocyte recruitment and activation? (6)

TNF, IL1
chemokines
C3a, C5a
leukotriene B4

What are the principal mediators of fever? (3)

IL1, TNF

prostaglandins

What are the principal mediators of pain? (2)

prostaglandins, bradykinin

What are the principal mediators of tissue damage? (2)

lysosomal enzymes of leukocytes

ROS

What cytokines activate M1 macrophages?

IFN-gamma (from Th1), TLR microbes

What cytokines activate M2 macrophages?

IL4, IL13 (from Th2)

What cytokines do activated M1 macrophages secrete?

pro-inflammatory: IL1, IL12, IL23, chemokines

phagocytosis, killing bacteria/fungi: ROS, NO

What cytokines do activated M2 macrophages secrete?

anti-inflammatory/tissue repair: IL10, TGF-beta, growth factors

What are the 6 examples given of diseases with granulomatous inflammation?

1. tuberculosis 2. leprosy 3. syphilis 4. cat-scratch disease 5. sarcoidosis 6. Chron disease (IBS)

What is the cause and tissue reaction of tuberculosis?

cause: mycobacterium tuberculosis rxn: caseating granuloma (tubercle), central necrosis with amorphous granular debris

What is the cause and tissue reaction of leprosy?

cause: mycobacterium leprae rxn: acid-fast bacilli in macrophages; non-caseating granulomas

What is the cause and tissue reaction of syphilis?

cause: treponema pallidum rxn: gumma (soft, non-cancerous growth from tertiary syphilis), central cells are necrotic without loss of cellular outline

What is the cause and tissue reaction of cat-scratch disease?

cause: gram-negative bacteria rxn: rounded or stellate granuloma containing central granular debris and recognizable neutrophils; giant cells uncommon

What is the cause and tissue reaction of sarcoidosis?

cause: unknown rxn: non-caseating granulomas with abundant activated macrophages

What is the cause and tissue reaction of Chron disease?

cause: immune reaction against intestinal bacteria, possibly self-Ags rxn: occasional non-caseating granulomas in the wall of the intestine, with dense chronic inflammatory infiltrate

What is the source and function of epidermal growth factor (EGF)?

source: macrophages, salivary glands, keratinocytes function: stimulates keratinocytes and formation of granulation tissue

What is the source and function of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)?

source: mesenchymal cells function: stimulate proliferation of endothelial cells, increase vascular permeability

What is the source and function of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)?

source: platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, keratinocytes function: chemotactic for neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, activates and stimulates proliferation of fibroblasts, endothelium, stimulates ECM protein synthesis

What is the source and function of fibroblast growth factors (FGF)?

source: macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells function: chemotactic and mitogenic for fibroblasts, stimulates angiogenesis and ECM protein synthesis

What is the source and function of transforming growth factor beta (TGFB)?

source: platelets, T lymphocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts function: chemotactic for leukocytes and fibroblasts, stimulates ECM protein synthesis, suppresses acute inflammation