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MOD1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the source and action of histamine?

A

source: mast cells, basophils, platelets
action: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, endothelial activation

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2
Q

What is the source and action of prostaglandins?

A

source: mast cells, leukocytes
action: vasodilation, pain, fever

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3
Q

What is the source and action of leukotrienes?

A

source: mast cells, leukocytes
action: increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion and activation

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4
Q

What is the source and action (local and systemic) of cytokines (TNF, IL1, IL6)?

A

source: macrophages, endothelial cells, mast cells
action: local - endothelial activation (expression of adhesion molecules), systemic - fever, metabolic abnormalities, hypotension (shock)

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5
Q

What is the source and action of chemokines?

A

source: activated macrophages, endothelial cells, leukocytes (T lymphocytes, mast cells)
action: chemotaxia (in normal tissue), leukocyte activation/recruitment to site of inflammation

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6
Q

What is the source and action of platelet-activating factor?

A

source: leukocytes, mast cells
action: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation, oxidative burst

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7
Q

What is the source and action of the complement system?

A

source: plasma (produced in the liver)
action: leukocyte chemotaxis and activation, direct target killing (membrane attack complex), vasodilation (mast cell stimulation)

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8
Q

What is the source and action of kinins?

A

source: plasma (produced in the liver)
action: increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, pain

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9
Q

What is the source and action of TNF in acute inflammation?

A

source: macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes
action: stimulate expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and secretion of other cytokines; systemic effects

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10
Q

What is the source and action of IL1 in acute inflammation?

A

source: macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells
action: similar to TNF, but greater role in FEVER

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11
Q

What is the source and action of IL6 in acute inflammation?

A

source: macrophages, other cells
action: systemic effects (acute phase response)

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12
Q

What is the source and action of IL17 in chronic inflammation?

A

source: T lymphocytes
action: recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes

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13
Q

What is the source and action of IL12 in chronic inflammation?

A

source: dendritic cells, macrophages
action: increased production of IFN-gamma

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14
Q

What is the source and action of IFN-gamma in chronic inflammation?

A

source: T lymphocytes, NK cells
action: activation of macrophages (increased ability to kill microbes and tumor cells)

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15
Q

What is the source and action of IL17 in chronic inflammation?

A

source: T lymphocytes
action: recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes

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16
Q

What are the principal mediators of vasodilation? (2)

A

histamine, prostaglandins

17
Q

What are the principal mediators of increased vascular permeability? (7)

A

histamine and serotonin
C3a and C5a (by liberating vasoactive amines from mast cells)
leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

18
Q

What are the principal mediators of chemotaxis, leukocyte recruitment and activation? (6)

A

TNF, IL1
chemokines
C3a, C5a
leukotriene B4

19
Q

What are the principal mediators of fever? (3)

A

IL1, TNF

prostaglandins

20
Q

What are the principal mediators of pain? (2)

A

prostaglandins, bradykinin

21
Q

What are the principal mediators of tissue damage? (2)

A

lysosomal enzymes of leukocytes

ROS

22
Q

What cytokines activate M1 macrophages?

A

IFN-gamma (from Th1), TLR microbes

23
Q

What cytokines activate M2 macrophages?

A

IL4, IL13 (from Th2)

24
Q

What cytokines do activated M1 macrophages secrete?

A

pro-inflammatory: IL1, IL12, IL23, chemokines

phagocytosis, killing bacteria/fungi: ROS, NO

25
Q

What cytokines do activated M2 macrophages secrete?

A

anti-inflammatory/tissue repair: IL10, TGF-beta, growth factors

26
Q

What are the 6 examples given of diseases with granulomatous inflammation?

A
  1. tuberculosis
  2. leprosy
  3. syphilis
  4. cat-scratch disease
  5. sarcoidosis
  6. Chron disease (IBS)
27
Q

What is the cause and tissue reaction of tuberculosis?

A

cause: mycobacterium tuberculosis
rxn: caseating granuloma (tubercle), central necrosis with amorphous granular debris

28
Q

What is the cause and tissue reaction of leprosy?

A

cause: mycobacterium leprae
rxn: acid-fast bacilli in macrophages; non-caseating granulomas

29
Q

What is the cause and tissue reaction of syphilis?

A

cause: treponema pallidum
rxn: gumma (soft, non-cancerous growth from tertiary syphilis), central cells are necrotic without loss of cellular outline

30
Q

What is the cause and tissue reaction of cat-scratch disease?

A

cause: gram-negative bacteria
rxn: rounded or stellate granuloma containing central granular debris and recognizable neutrophils; giant cells uncommon

31
Q

What is the cause and tissue reaction of sarcoidosis?

A

cause: unknown
rxn: non-caseating granulomas with abundant activated macrophages

32
Q

What is the cause and tissue reaction of Chron disease?

A

cause: immune reaction against intestinal bacteria, possibly self-Ags
rxn: occasional non-caseating granulomas in the wall of the intestine, with dense chronic inflammatory infiltrate

33
Q

What is the source and function of epidermal growth factor (EGF)?

A

source: macrophages, salivary glands, keratinocytes
function: stimulates keratinocytes and formation of granulation tissue

34
Q

What is the source and function of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)?

A

source: mesenchymal cells
function: stimulate proliferation of endothelial cells, increase vascular permeability

35
Q

What is the source and function of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)?

A

source: platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, keratinocytes
function: chemotactic for neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, activates and stimulates proliferation of fibroblasts, endothelium, stimulates ECM protein synthesis

36
Q

What is the source and function of fibroblast growth factors (FGF)?

A

source: macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells
function: chemotactic and mitogenic for fibroblasts, stimulates angiogenesis and ECM protein synthesis

37
Q

What is the source and function of transforming growth factor beta (TGFB)?

A

source: platelets, T lymphocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts
function: chemotactic for leukocytes and fibroblasts, stimulates ECM protein synthesis, suppresses acute inflammation

MOD1 (4 decks)

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