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Electrical Grid 2 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

Introduction to Smart Grid

1
Q

How does the Department of Energy define Smart Grid?

A

Incorporation of the concepts, philosophies, and technologies that enabled the internet, into the electrical grid.

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2
Q

What is Peak Load?

A

Refers to the time of day when the demand for electricity is at its highest, typically late afternoon and early evening hours.

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3
Q

What is Cascading?

A

A condition in which an outage on a circuit causes outages on interconnected circuits because the interconnected circuits are not able to handle the additional load.

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4
Q

When is Cascading most likely to occur?

A

During the time of day when demand is at its peak.

Especially during the Summer.

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5
Q

What’s the estimate for resources California needs?

A

$30 Billion

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6
Q

What are the ultimate priorities for the dependency on electricity?

A

Public Safety and National Security, and law enforcement agencies are forced into “Chaos-Management” action plans.

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7
Q

What best explains why we need a smarter electrical grid?

A

The strain on the grid during the peak loading and the effects if cascading power failures.

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8
Q

Modernized

A

The most current technologies that help to combine electrical supply and communications in a manner that equipment can be synchronized together and operate in unison.

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9
Q

Intelligent

A

Equipment is able to use information to make quick decisions and execute the appropriate functions that maintain safe and reliable electric service.

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10
Q

Efficiency

A

Refers to anything from power quality to streamlining operational processes and procedures.

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11
Q

Renewable

A

The grid is able to accept and rely on power generate from more renewable resources such as wind, solar, and hydro-electric, reducing the dependency on pollutant emitting generators.

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12
Q

Automation

A

Equipment is able to sense and automatically react to situations without the need for human interaction

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13
Q

Remote Control

A

The system operators can operate vie key equipment when needed from remote locations via any means of communication necessary. SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) is a common type of remote control method used in system operations.

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14
Q

Self-Healing

A

Uses automation to sense disturbances on the system, and automatically trigger key operations to keep more customers in service

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15
Q

Resilient

A

Strong enough to hand major disturbances without experiencing cascading.

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16
Q

Secure

A

Resistant to unauthorized operation including cyber attack.

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17
Q

Demand Side Management

A

Methods of reducing consumption of electricity by customers, especially during times of peak loading.

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18
Q

What does the movement for smarter generation mean?

A

More reliance on renewable energy sources like wind and solar and less reliance on pollutant emitting and non-renewable methods of generation like fossil fuels and nuclear power.

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19
Q

Where does most of the renewable energy on distribution lines come from?

A

Dispersed Micro-Generation and Distributed Generation

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20
Q

Where does most of the renewable energy come from on Transmission and SubT?

A

Wind and Solar Thermal

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21
Q

What do these generation sources help?

A

To offset the dependency on pollutant-emitting and non-renewable generators during peak loading.

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22
Q

What is Bi-Directional Energy Flow?

A

Power can flow through the circuits and equipment from either direction.

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23
Q

What is Islanding?

A

A portion of the electrical system that can operate independently from the main grid.

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24
Q

What are Peaker Plants?

A

Generators that increase operation during the peak loading times of day, if needed.

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25
Q

Storage is not always in the form of ________; the end result is ________.

A

Electricity

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26
Q

What is a viable method of producing electricity?

A

Pumped Storage Hydro-Electricity

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27
Q

What is the Hydro-Electric Dam referred to as?

A

The Lower Reservoir

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28
Q

What happens during Peak Demand with the Pumped Storage Hydro-Electricity method?

A

The water flows back down from the upper reservoir to the lower reservoir, spinning a generator along the way.

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29
Q

What is molten salt?

A

A form of energy storage that is normally combined with solar thermal generation. Salt is melted down to a liquid state in a solar trough system and continuously circulated.

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30
Q

How is Molten Salt stored?

A

Contained in Storage Tanks and kept in a liquid state, used to produce steam for generating electricity when needed.

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31
Q

How well are the Storage Tanks Insulated?

A

The molten salt can remain liquefied for 5-7 days.

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32
Q

How does battery storage work?

A

The charge on batteries is maintained throughout times of low demand, and release short bursts of needed power into the grid during times of peak loading.

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33
Q

What are some of the newer methods of storage?

A

Compressed air and flywheel technology

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34
Q

How does Compressed Air Storage work?

A

Compressed Air is a viable option for storage in caverns, abandoned mind shafts, and empty gas reserves. Compressed Air is forced into the cavity or storage area by a large-volume compressor and released through a turbine when needed.

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35
Q

How does Flywheel Technology work?

A

Produces electricity by rotating a rotor at a very high speed, and then using the rotating energy to produce electricity. Releasing energy back into the grid by winding down.

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36
Q

What is ACCC?

A

Aluminum Conductor Composite Core - Designed to allow much more current to flow at higher temperatures than the same size of AAC and ACSR.

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37
Q

What is a benefit of ACCC?

A

Its lightweight allows transmission circuits to be upgraded in capacity without additional mechanical stress.

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38
Q

What’s another name for Phasor Measurement Units?

A

Synchrophasors

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39
Q

Where are Phasor Measurement Units located?

A

They are strategically located in substations that interconnect the generators and transmission systems together.

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40
Q

What are Phasor Measurement Units?

A

They can check the phase angle on the voltage and current waves, as often as 30x/sec and automatically trigger the operation of key substation equipment such as capacitors and reactors to operate when there are disturbances to the phase angles.

41
Q

What is Wide Area Management?

A

Phasor Measurement Units networked from other substations through Global Positioning Systems allowing all Phasor Measurement Units in the network to operate in unison.

42
Q

What is Dynamic Line Loading?

A

Philosophy that allows the real time conditions surrounding conductors to be monitored.

43
Q

What is collectively used to give system operators more data to help them make critical decisions regarding the transmission circuits?

A

Conductor Ampacity Ratings, Wind Speed, Ambient Temperatures, Conductor Temperatures.

44
Q

What is one major advantage of Dynamic Line Loading?

A

Thermal Monitoring, which allows the operators to view conductor temperature using infrared imaging.

45
Q

Why might cooler weather be very beneficial for cooling conductors?

A

So system operators can obtain this data though line thermal monitoring systems, and increase or decrease the load on circuits when needed.

46
Q

What does OPGW stand for?

A

Optical Ground Wire

47
Q

What is OPGW?

A

Shield wire installed at the tops of structures, offering lightning protection for the supply conductors, but can also contain fiber optic cables that can be used for high-speed data communications.

48
Q

What is a benefit of OPGW for the utilities?

A

They can use some of the Fibers and sell the rest.

49
Q

What does a smarter distribution include?

A

Generation systems connected to the Dist. Circuits

50
Q

What do Distributed and Dispersed Micro Generation do for the Dist. Circuit?

A

Dist. Systems reduce their dependency on the transmission circuits.

51
Q

What are Micro Grids?

A

When larger portions of circuits begin islanding.

52
Q

How can Transmission Circuits benefit from Micro Grids?

A

Operators have more available resources to help meet the demands of peak loading. This also reduces the chances of cascading.

53
Q

What’re the two objectives for switching type equipment?

A
  • Provide a means for isolation and sectionalizing as per their design
  • Change their operating parameters to the opposite direction until the system returns to normal
54
Q

When do companies rely on the legacy components?

A

For radial portions of circuits.

55
Q

When do companies rely on smart components?

A

Interconnected portions of circuits.

56
Q

What are Reclosers?

A

Circuit Breakers

57
Q

Where can Reclosers be installed?

A

At the substations or out on the circuits.

58
Q

What are the Legacy properties of a Recloser?

A
  • Hydraulic Operated
  • Use oil or vacuum to extinguish arc
  • A lever can be operated to open or close contacts
  • A separate lever can be operated to disable the reclose feature.
  • Some are equipped with a counter so that the number of operations can be monitored.
59
Q

What are the Smart properties of a Recloser?

A
  • No oil
  • Vacuum is typically used to extinguish the arc
  • Electronically controlled
  • Hot-line tag can be used to disable reclose, unauthorized operation, and change the setting to be more sensitive for energized work downstream
  • Can be set with multiple functions such as single phase reclose-three-phase-trip
  • Can be operated with SCADA
  • Can limit the fault current that the system can deliver to the fault, reducing the stress on the system
  • Provides real-time data on each phase and can operate in bi-directionally for self-healing
  • Records operational history
60
Q

What is the one simple function of switches?

A

Open and close.

61
Q

What are switches designed to do?

A

Not to interrupt fault current, but they are designed to interrupt a significant amount of continuous line current.

62
Q

What does GOAB stand for?

A

Gang-Operated Air Break

63
Q

What are the Legacy properties of Switches?

A
  • Gang-Operated
  • Equipped with a handle allowing the lineworker or troubleman to open or close the contacts
  • Can interrupt continuous line current
  • Handle can be locked to prevent unauthorized
64
Q

What are the Smart properties of Switches?

A
  • Gang-Operated
  • Equipped with electronic controls allowing them to be operated remotely or automatically
  • Provides real-time data on each phase
  • Can be automated as part of a self-healing scheme
  • Some are equipped with SF6 interruptors allowing for high current interrupt ability
  • Can be installed in coordination with a recloser, allowing a permanent fault to be isolated from a recloser, like a sectionalizer
65
Q

What are cutouts?

A

Single phase switching device that can incorporate the functionality of a switch with the protection of a fuse.

66
Q

What does it mean Fuse Links are universal?

A

They can be used in different cutout sizes.

67
Q

How do Fuse Links come?

A

In a variety of speeds and ampere ratings so that fuses can blow fast or slow depending on the needs of the lines or equipment they protect.

68
Q

What are Legacy properties of Cutouts?

A
  • Can be universal fuse link or solid blade
  • Fuses are available in different speeds so that they can be coordinated with other protective devices
  • Can be used in conjunction with current limiting fuses providing an added degree of overcurrent protection
  • Can be loadbreak or non-loadbreak
69
Q

What are Smart properties of Cutouts?

A
  • Tripsavers, Fuse Savers
  • Fits right in a conventional cutout
  • Single phase recloser
  • Reduces the momentary interruptions caused by feeder reclosers
  • Can be coordinated to operate powered by the line
  • Doesn’t trip from load pick-up switching
  • Electronically control powered by the line
  • Display can indicate how much real-time load is on the device
70
Q

How are Capacitors used?

A

Normally banked together to provide capacitive load on a line to counteract the negative effects of inductive loads. Fixed and Switched

71
Q

What are the Legacy properties of Capacitors?

A
  • Fixed Capacitor Bank
  • Energized all the time to correct power factor for those localized loads that experience continuous inductive reactance
  • Protected by fused cutouts to isolate it from the circuit if a cell fails
72
Q

What are the Smart properties of Capacitors?

A
  • Switched Capacitors Bank
  • Can be programmed to operate based on various triggers such as temperature, time-of-day, or power factor
  • Uses switches to connect/disconnect the capacitor to the line without the need for human interaction
  • Can operate in unison with other switched capacitors based on the conditions of the overall system
73
Q

What is “Conservation Voltage Reduction?”

A

The intentional lowering of system voltage to help reduce demand on the system

74
Q

What are the Legacy properties of Regulators?

A
  • Manually operated controls on site
  • Each regulator in the bank has its own control
  • Regulators can adjust based on circuit conditions
75
Q

What are the Smart properties of Regulators?

A
  • Controls can be operated manually or remotely, but the regulator controls make the regulator automated
  • Controls can use bandwidth, time delay, and various other functions to allow short-duration voltag issues to correct themselves, extending life of the taps
  • Newer controls allow the operation of multiple units through one control
  • Can be programmed to operate with Conservation Voltage Reduction schemes
  • Can function bi-directionally
76
Q

What do Fault indicators and sensors do?

A

Provide valuable data for troubleshooting and localized power quality disturbances. Some sensors can communicate data to a wireless transmitter/receiver that can get the data to the utilities and/or system operators

77
Q

What is Smart Home?

A

A communication network that allows a customer to remotely connect and control many automated digital devices throughout the home.

78
Q

What is Demand-Side Management?

A

Customers will be able to monitor, manage, and control their energy usage through home-area-display units, computers and cell-phones.

79
Q

What are the Smart Home benefits to the utility?

A
  • Utilities are able to implement time-of-use rates during peak demand to lower operating costs.
  • Smart appliances and heating/air conditioning can be programmed to reduce usage during peak loading
  • Utilities can use excess electricity generated from the customer’s distributed generation
  • Utilities can use distributed generation to reduce load during peak demand by having the customer switch to their distributed generation for their power source.
80
Q

What are the Smart Home benefits to the Customer?

A
  • Able to monitor energy use in real time instead of waiting for a monthly bill
  • Able to adjust the settings on their appliances and HVAC controls based on time-of-use pricing
  • Able to use distributed generation to save money during peak rates
81
Q

What are Smart Meters and Systems subject to?

A

Hacking

82
Q

What are the components of a Smart Home?

A
  • Home-Area-Network with a Smart Meter
  • Home-Area-Network without a Smart Meter
  • Smart Appliances
  • Smart Lighting
  • Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles & All Electric Vehicles
  • Distributed Generation
83
Q

What will the Smart Meter relay?

A

Any price changes to the Home-Area-Display unit which will then communicate with the smart appliances and adjust their usage according to the customer’s predetermined usage settings.

84
Q

What option is the customer given on their smart appliances?

A

Whether they want to opt in or out of the setting change recommended.

85
Q

What is a Smart Plug?

A

Helps the customer see what appliances are costing the most and gives them the ability to turn the appliance on or off remotely from their phone.

86
Q

What is a Smart Appliance?

A

An appliance with a computer chip installed that allows the appliance to communicate with a smart meter.

87
Q

Approximately how much electricity consumed in homes comes from large appliances, water heating, and lighting?

A

Half

88
Q

Lighting is estimated at the _____ biggest use of energy in the home.

A

Second

89
Q

How much can a consumer reduce their energy consumption by using Smart Lighting?

A

50% in Existing Homes and 35% in New Construction

90
Q

Comparison between LED and Incandescent?

A

6-8 Watt LED = 60 Watt Incandescent

35,000-50,000h LED compared to 750-2,500 hours

91
Q

Comparison between CFL and Incandescent?

A

13-15 Watt CFL = 60 Watt Incandescent

92
Q

What is Daylight Harvesting?

A

Using natural Daylight for lighting and reducing artificial lighting from lightbulbs

93
Q

What are the different ways Smart Lighting may be achieved?

A
  • One with sensors based on movement

- Second to slowly decrease the light’s intensity so the human eye doesn’t notice the change.

94
Q

What will Smart Lighting help to reduce?

A

The carbon footprint on our environment and save the consumer money

95
Q

What is a Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle?

A

Vehicle that runs on battery power until the charge is too low and then switches to a combustion engine for its power source.

96
Q

How can Plug-In Hybrid vehicles be charged?

A

By plugging them into a standard 120V outlet

97
Q

When would the engine be used?

A

For extended trips, while the batteries can be used for shorter commutes.

98
Q

What is Range Anxiety?

A

Driver’s fear of being stranded by a depleted battery before reaching their destination.

99
Q

What is an all-electric vehicle?

A

Vehicle that runs strictly on battery power. When the battery charge is depleted there is no alternative power source.

Electrical Grid 2 (3 decks)

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