CHAPTER 3 Flashcards
When elements combine with each other what do they form?
Compounds
What happens when two or more elements combine to form a compound?
Exp H+02
A new substance results
H20 = water
What’s the difference between a MIXTURE and an ELEMENT
Mixture- elements can mix in any proportion
Element- in a compound elements combine in a fixed definite proportions
Definite proportion
Hydrogen- oxygen mixture
Water
Oxygen mixture can have any proportions of hydrogen and oxygen gas
Water has a definite proportion of hydrogen to oxygen
What are compounds composed of atoms held together by?
Chemical bonds
What are chemical bonds?
Are from the attractions between the charged particles ( the electrons and protons) that compose the atom
What are two types of chemical bonds?
Ionic
Covalent
what is an ion
Transfer of electrons from a
NON METAL TO A METAL
What happens to the metal atom when it becomes an ionic bond
What happens to the non mental when it becomes an ionic bond
Becomes a cation + because it looses its electrons
Becomes an anion - gains electrons
What happens with the charges in an ionic bond
The opposite charges attract by electrostatic forces and form an ionic bond
What happens to an ionic compound in a solid phase?
It becomes composed of a lattice- a 3D array- of cations and anions
What are Covalent bonds?
2 non metals
Sharing the electron
What do covalent bonds compose?
What do covalently bonded compounds compose?
Molecule
Molecular compounds
What does a compounds chemical formula indicate?
The elements present in the compound and
the relative number of atoms or ions of each
What are the 3 different types of chemical formulas
Empirical formula - no numbers just atoms H2CL2—> H CL
Molecular formulas - gives the actual number H CL —> H2CL2
Structural formulas- lines that represent covalent bonds H—CL—CL—H. ( can also be drawn anyway exp angle)
Is a molecular model more accurate and complete way to specify a compound?
Yes
Ball and stick formula
Atoms represented as balls that are color coded
Chemical bonds represented as sticks
How the 2 connect reflect the molecules shape
Space filling molecular model
Like bubbles which best estimate how a molecule might appear
Elements may be either _______
Atomic - pure element
Compound— 2 elements combined
Compounds can be ______ ______
Molecular- two or more non metals combined ( h20)
Ionic- NaCL 1 metal 1 non metal (lattice structure)
Do atomic elements exist with single atoms as their basic units?
Yes
Exp Na Ne K Mg
Do molecular elements exist normally or not normally with single atoms as their basic units
No they exist as molecules 2 or more atoms of the element bonded together
Only 7 diatomic elements
2 poly atomic molecular elements
What are the 7 diatomic elements
H2 N2 02 F2 Cl2 Br2 And I2
What are the 2 polyatomic molecular elements?
P4
S8
What are the basic units of molecular compounds
Molecules composed of the constituent atoms
Water- h20
Dry ice- co2
What is the basic unit of an ionic compound
Formula unit- smallest electrically neutral collection of ions
Exp NaCl —> Na+ Cl-
1:1 ratio
Polyatomic ions
Many common ionic compounds contain ions that are themselves composed of a group of Covalently bonded atoms with an overall charge
Polyatomic ions in its charged species formed
NaN03—-> Na+ No3-
CaCO3—-> Ca2+ CO3 ^2-
Mg(Clo3)2 —> Mg2+ and ClO 3-
Summarizing ionic compound formulas :
Do ionic compounds always contain positive and negative ions?
Do the sum of the cation and anion have to equal?
Does the formula of an ionic compound reflect the smallest whole number ratio of ions?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ionic compounds: formulas and names:
1) The ______ of the representative elements can be predicted from their —-________ number
2) the representative elements form only _____ type of charge
3) transition metals tend to form _________. Types of charges
Which is why we can not predicted as in the case of most representative elements
1) charges, group
2) one
3) multiple
Naming ionic Compounds:
Ionic compounds can be categorized into 2 types depending on the metal in the compound what are they?
Ionic compounds.
Type 1. Type 2.
Metal forms more
Metal forms only. Than one type of ion
One type of ion
Na+ Cl+. Transition metals. Fe 2+ Fe3+
Except Ag+1 Zn+2 Al+3 which will always have this charge
Naming type 1 ionic compounds:
Will the metal ion always have the same charge?
Yes
What are the invariant charges?
Li. Na. Mg. Ag Zn Al K. Ca Rb. Sr Cs Ba
What are some common Monoatomic Anions
Bigger than the original element
Ion is smaller than its original element
- is negative F- fluoride Cl- chloride Br- Bromide I- iodide O2- 0xide S2- sulfide N3- Nitride P3- phosphide
Naming Binary ionic compounds of type 1 cations:
Binary compounds what do they contain only 2 different elements
The name of the metal and the base name of an anion ( non mental)
+ -ide
NaCl
2nd type of ionic compound can _______ of cation depending on the compound, bonded to a nonmetal anion
The proportion of metal cation to nonmetal anion helps us determine the ___ on the metal ion
Form more than 1 type
Charge
Iron ex forms 2 diff types Fe2+
Fe3+
Pb ti and an form more than one type of cation
Binary compound
The full name of the compounds containing metals that form more than one kind of cation have the following form
Cation. + ( charge of cation (metal) in Roman numeral) + base of H. (Non metal)anion H. +ide
(Metal) +
Some metals that form cations with different charges
Ours -indicates ion with lesser charge
Ic- indicates ion with greater charge
Cr2+ +3—-> Chromium(II) Chromous& Chromium (III)Chromic
Fe2+ 3+ —-> iron(II) ferrous & Iron(III) ferric
Co2+ 3+—-> cobalt (II) cobaltous & cobalt (III)cobaltic
Cu+ Cu2+—-> copper (I) cupprous& copper (II) cupric
Sn 2+ Sn4+—> Tin(II) stanous & Tin(IV) stannic
Hg2 2+ Hg2+—> Merucry(I) mercurous) & Mercury(II) Mercuric
Pb2+ Pb4+ —-> Lead(II) plumbous & Lead(IV) plumbic
Cross cross method for naming NAMING OF THE BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS
CrBr3
Cr3 br-
Chromium(III) bromide
Most poly atomic ions are______ anions containing oxygen and another element
Oxyanions
If there are two ions in the series
the one with more oxygen atoms has the ending____
The one with fewer endings have _____
- Ate
- tie
If there are more than two ions in the series,
Then the prefixes_____, meaning less than
And Per meaning ________ are used
Less than
More
ClO- (hypochlorite
ClO2- (chlorite
ClO3- (chlorate
ClO4- (perchlorate
What are hydrates
Ionic compounds containing a specific number of water molecules associated with each formula
Exp
MgSO4 x 7H20
Is Magnesium sulfate HEPTAHYDRATE
CoCl2 x 6H20 —> cobalt (II) chloride HEXAHYDRATE
Molecular compounds: Why do we name is?
Because they’re covalent ( 2 or more non metals) and share electrons and they can share them in different ways
Exp
O=C=O dioxide
C-0. (Three bonds in the middle) monoxide
Rules for naming Binary Molecular compounds
Write the name of the element with the smallest group number first
If the 2 elements lie in the same group then write the element with the greatest row number first
( the prefixes given to each element indicate the number of atoms present)
Binary Molecular compounds
Prefix—> name of 1st element—> prefix —> base name of 2nd element + ide
If there is only one atom of the first element in the forumula , the prefix mono- is normally ommitted
Binary molecular compound naming ( same as hydrates)
Mono=1 Di=2 Tri=3 Tetra=4 Penta=5 Hexa=6 Hepta= 7 Octa=8 Nona=9 Deca=10
Acids are what kind of compounds?
What happens when an acids when they’re placed in water
Molecular
Release hydrogen ions H+ when dissolved in water
What elements are acids composed of
What order are they written in?
How do acids taste?
Hydrogen’s
They’re the first in their formulas and one or more nonmetals are 2nd
Sour
What are some elements that acids dissolve
Zn
Fe
Mg
HCl is a molecular compound that when dissolved in water forms
H+ (ag) & Cl- (ag)
Aqueous (ag) means dissolved in water
Binary acids have and H+ cation and ________ anion
Oxyacids have H+ cation and ______ anion
Non metal
Polyatomic
Naming and writing binary acids
Hydro prefix—- nonmetal base name with ic at the end of it
Write the word acid at the end of the name
Hydro Chloric acid
When you have __________ you don’t use hydro
Oxygen
H2S
HClO3
HC2H3O2
Hydrosuluric acid
Chloric acid
Acetic acid
Writing formulas:
When the name ends in acid the formula starts with______
Write the formula as if its ionic, even though its molecular
Hydro- prefix means its a _____ acid
No prefix mean its an oxyacid
H
Binary
Writing formula for acids:
For an Oxyacid
If the ending is “ic” the polyatomic ion ends in________
If the ending is “ous” the polyatomic ion ends in
Ate
Ite
Acid rain :
Certain pollutants such as NO, NO2, SO2 and SO3 form acids when mixed with water resulting in______
Acidic rain water
Look at slide 60 for an easier break down you fucking bitch
And 61-74
Slut
Combustion analysis
Watch video
Chemical reactions:
Reactions Involve chemical changes in matter resulting in ____
Reactions involving rearrangement and exchange of atoms produce___
Watch video
New substances
New molecules
Elements are not transmitted during a reaction
Reactants—> products
More math yay 77-79
Fuck
Modern organic Compounds:
Organic compounds are mainly made out of ____ and _____
And sometimes with O N P S and trace amounts of other elements
The key element of organic chemistry is ______
C & H
Carbon
Carbon bonding bonds with mostly _______ but what about the rest?
Mostly covalent
The ones that bond with ionic are generally inorganic
Carbon bonding:
When carbon bonds it forms 4 covalent bonds including___ _____ ____ bonds
Carbon can also bond with ______ and form limitless chains of C atoms straight branched and rings
Single
Double and triple bonds
Itself
Hydrocarbons:
Organic compounds are categorized into two types:
Also look at slide 84
Hydrocarbons
Functionalized hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons:
Are organic compounds that contain ______ and ______
Hydrocarbons compose common fuels such as Oil Gas Liquid propane gas And Natural gas
Hydrogen and carbon
Fun facts
Methane Propane N-butane N- pentane Ethene Ethyne
Primary component for natural gas Lp gas for grills and outdoor stoves Fuel for lighters Component for gasoline Ripening agent in fruit Fuel for wielding torches
Functionalized hydrocarbons
The term functional group derives from the functionality or chemical character that a specific atom or group of atoms imparts to an organic compound ( how the atom behaves)
Look up what this means
A group of organic compounds with the same functional group forms a family
