Chapter 3 Flashcards
Abraham Lincoln
n 16th President of the United States; saved the Union during the American Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865).
Andrew Johnson
(December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson assumed the presidency as he was Vice President of the United States at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
Barack Obama
(born 1961), US Democratic statesman, 44th president of the US 2009–17; full name Barack Hussein Obama. He was the first African American to be elected to the presidency, and was re-elected in 2012 for a second term. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2009.
Barron v. Baltimore (1833)
Supreme Court decision holding that the Bill of Rights restrained only the national government, not the states and cities.
concurrent powers
powers that are shared by both the federal and state governments.
confederation
a political system in which a weak central government has limited authority, and the states have ultimate power.
Calvin Coolidge
the 30th President of the United States (1923-1929). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state.
Dillon´s Rule
the stipulation that the terms of a municipal charters be narrowly interpreted. Reversed by home rule charters, to some extent.
Civil War
a war between citizens of the same country.
enumerated powers
Powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution; for Congress, these powers are listed in Article I, Section 8, and include the power to coin money, regulate its value, and impose taxes.
ex post facto law
a law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed.
Confederate States of America
The Confederacy Established. South Carolina was the first to secede, on December 20, 1860, followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. On February 8, 1861, representatives of those states announced the formation of the Confederate States of America, with its capital at Montgomery, Alabama.
federal system
A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people. It is a system of shared power between units of government.
full faith and credit clause
A clause in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgements rendered by the courts of other states.
counties
(in the US) a political and administrative division of a state, providing certain local governmental services.
democracy
a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
interstate compacts
contracts between states that carry the force of law; generally now used as a tool to address multistate policy concerns.
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
1857 Supreme Court decision that stated that slaves were not citizens; that living in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves; and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.
New Federalism
attempts by Presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants.
privileges and immunities clause
A clause in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution according citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states.
Seventeenth Amendment
Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.
Sixteenth Amendment
Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.
Tenth Amendment
The constitutional amendement stating, “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.”
Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
32nd President of the United States; elected four times; instituted New Deal to counter the Great Depression and led country during World War II (1882-1945) .
Great Society
a domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs.
Herbert Hoover
Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.
Iroquois Confederacy
was a confederation of Native American Indians which was originally composed of 5 tribes consisting of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca peoples.
John C. Calhoun
The leading southern politician of the early nineteenth century; he served as vice president under both John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson and then was elected senator from South Carolina. Calhoun championed slavery and states’ rights.
John Marshall
(September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was an American politician who served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835.
interstate compacts
contracts between states that carry the force of law; generally now used as a tool to address multi-state policy concerns.
monarchy
a form of government with a monarch at the head.
municipalities
a city or town that has corporate status and local government.
New Deal
was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that aimed to restore prosperity to Americans. When Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief to those who were suffering.
nullification
the doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the states opinion, violates the constitution.
oligarchy
a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
programmatic requests
federal funds designated for special projects within a state or congressional district.
progressive federalism
a pragmatic approach to federalism that views relations between national and state governments as both coercive and cooperative.
special district
a local government that is restricted to a particular function.
Reconstruction
the transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877, with the reconstruction of state and society in the former Confederacy. In battles between the president and Congress, the president prevailed until the election of 1866, which enabled the Radical Republicans to take control of policy, remove from power the ex-Confederates, and enfranchise the Freedmen (freed slaves).
reserved powers
powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states.
Roger B. Taney
United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; remembered for his ruling that slaves and their descendants have no rights as citizens (1777-1864) Roger Taney, Taney. Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection.
Ronald Reagan
A political leader of the twentieth century, elected president in 1980 and 1984.
secession
the action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, especially a political state.
Tenth Amendment
The constitutional amendment stating, “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.”
totalitarianism
a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.
