Chapter 3 Flashcards
Trait that allows a species to survive in its environment
Adaptation
an individual responding to the environment (Behavior)
Acclimation
number of offspring that live to reproductive age
Fitness
Process of the fittest individuals passing their trains to offspring more successfully than others
Natural Selection
Change in the DNA
Mutations
Change in the % of a trait in a population
Evolution
Challenges to survivors
Selection pressures
Factor in smallest supply
Limiting Factor
Minimum and Maximum environmental factors in which a species can live
Tolerance Limits
set of environmental conditions which a species lives
Habitat
role played by an organism in a biological community
Ecological niche
Narrow Niche (Super Picky)
Specialists
wide Niche (go with the flow)
Generalists
species found in one exclusive habitat
Endemic Species
2 species cannot occupy the same niche for very long
The Competitive Exclusion Principle
Formation of a new species
Speciation
Behavioral isolation
Sympatric Speciation
Geographic isolation
Allopatric Speciation
Shift toward one extreme of a trait
Directional selection
reduce variation in a trait
Stabilizing Selection
Traits diverge to the extremes
Disrubtive Selection
Same species compete for mates, food, or habitat
Intraspecific Competition
different species compete
Interspecific Comeptition
An organism feeding on another organism (prey) whether or not the prey dies
Predation
feed on live prey
Herbivores, Carnivores and Omnivores
Feed on dead things
Scavengers, detritivores, decomposers
nonharmful organisms that look like a harmful organisms
Batesian Mimicry
2 species interact closely enough that there evolution depends on the other
Coevolution
2+ species living intimately together
Symbiosis
+/+ both benefit
Mutualism
+/nothing
Commensalism
+/- , Host
Parasitism
Species that have larger impact on their environment that their biomass predicts
Keystone Species
unrestrained biological reproduction
Biotic Potential
growth without limits
Exponential growth
number of animals that can be supported sustainably in a certain area of habitat
Carrying Capacity (K)
Growth slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity
Logistic Growth
Factors that are only limiting when population Is large
Density-Dependent Factors
factors that are limiting regardless of population size
Density-Independent Factors
Rodents, Spiders, Fish
Reproductive Strategies: short life, mature quickly, many small offspring, low parental care
R-selected Species
elephants, Penguins, Humans
Reproductive Strategies: long life, later maturity, few offspring, lots of parental care
K-Selected Species
The number of different species in an area
Diversity
number of individuals of a particular species in an area
Abundance
Individuals live where resources are available
Random (community structure)
individuals live equidistant from each other (competition and territoriality)
Uniform (community Structure)
Individuals clumped together (for protection, mutual assistance or reproduction)
Clustered or Clumped (Community Structure)
A large patch of relatively uniform environment, free of edges, that can support all species of that community
Core Area
The environment conditions of two areas bend at the edge
Edge Area
anything that disturbs stuff
Disturbance
Species that benefit form disturbances
Disturbance-adapted species
Number of trophic levels
Number of species in each trophic level
Complexity
