Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

cell body (soma)

A

Core region of the cell containing the nucleus and other organelles for making proteins.

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2
Q

dendrite

A

Branching extension of a neuron’s cell membrane; greatly increases the cell’s surface area; collects information from other cells.

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3
Q

axon

A

Root, or single fiber, of a neuron that carries messages to other neurons.

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4
Q

neural network

A

Functional group of neurons that connects wide areas of the brain and spinal cord.

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5
Q

connectome

A

Comprehensive map of all structural connectivity (the physical wiring) in an organism’s nervous system.

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6
Q

dendritic spine

A

Protrusion that greatly increases the dendrite’s surface area; typical point of dendritic contact with the axons of other cells.

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7
Q

axon hillock

A

Juncture of soma and axon.

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8
Q

axon collateral

A

Branch of an axon.

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9
Q

terminal button (end foot)

A

Knob at the tip of an axon that conveys information to other neurons.

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10
Q

synapse

A

Spatial junction between one neuron and another; forms the information transfer site between neurons.

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11
Q

sensory neuron

A

Cell that detects or carries sensory information into the spinal cord and brain.

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12
Q

interneuron

A

Association cell interposed between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron; in mammals, interneurons constitute most of the brain’s neurons.

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13
Q

motor neuron

A

Cell that carries efferent information from the brain and spinal cord to make muscles contract.

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14
Q

bipolar neuron

A

Sensory neuron with one axon and one dendrite.

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15
Q

somatosensory neuron

A

Brain cell that brings sensory information from the body into the spinal cord.

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16
Q

pyramidal cell

A

Distinctively shaped interneuron found in the cerebral cortex.

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17
Q

Purkinje cell

A

Distinctively shaped interneuron found in the cerebellum.

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18
Q

glial cell

A

Nervous system cell that provides insulation, nutrients, and support and that aids in repairing neurons and eliminating waste products.

19
Q

ependymal cell

A

Glial cell that makes and secretes CSF; found on the walls of the brain’s ventricles.

20
Q

hydrocephalus

A

Buildup of fluid pressure in the brain and, in infants, swelling of the head, if the flow of CSF is blocked; can result in intellectual impairment.

21
Q

tumor

A

Mass of new tissue that grows uncontrolled and independent of surrounding structures.

22
Q

astrocyte

A

Star-shaped glial cell that provides structural support to CNS neurons and transports substances between neurons and blood vessels.

23
Q

blood–brain barrier

A

Tight junctions between the cells that compose blood vessels in the brain, providing a barrier to the entry of an array of substances, including toxins, into the brain.

24
Q

microglia

A

Glial cells that originate in the blood, aid in cell repair, and scavenge debris in the nervous system.

25
Q

myelin

A

Glial coating that surrounds axons in the central and peripheral nervous systems; prevents adjacent neurons from short-circuiting.

26
Q

oligodendroglia

A

Glial cells in the CNS that myelinate axons.

27
Q

Schwann cell

A

Glial cell in the PNS that myelinates sensory and motor axons.

28
Q

paralysis

A

Loss of sensation and movement due to nervous system injury.

29
Q

gene

A

DNA segment that encodes the synthesis of a particular protein.

30
Q

protein

A

Folded-up polypeptide chain that serves a particular function in the body.

31
Q

channel

A

Opening in a protein embedded in the cell membrane that allows the passage of ions.

32
Q

gate

A

Protein embedded in a cell membrane that allows substances to pass through the membrane on some occasions but not on others.

33
Q

pump

A

Protein in the cell membrane that actively transports a substance across the membrane.

34
Q

allele

A

Alternative form of a gene; a gene pair contains two alleles.

35
Q

homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a trait.

36
Q

heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for the same trait.

37
Q

mutation

A

Alteration of an allele that yields a different version of its protein.

38
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

Inherited birth defect caused by the loss of genes that encode the enzyme necessary for breaking down certain fatty substances; appears 4 to 6 months after birth and results in intellectual disability, physical changes, and death by about age 5.

39
Q

wild type

A

Typical allele (most common in a population).

40
Q

Huntington disease

A

Hereditary disease characterized by chorea (ceaseless involuntary jerky movements) and progressive dementia, ending in death.

41
Q

Down syndrome

A

Chromosomal abnormality resulting in intellecutal impairment and other abnormalities, usually caused by an extra chromosome 21.

42
Q

transgenic animal

A

Product of technology in which one or more genes from one species is introduced into the genome of another species to be passed along and expressed in subsequent generations.

43
Q

gene (DNA) methylation

A

Epigenetic process in which a methyl group attaches to the DNA sequence, suppressing or enabling gene expression.