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Psychology 223 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the APGAR test

A 
Appearance 
Pulse - 100bpm
Grimace - cry
Activity 
Respiration - strong cry
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2
Q

Name four important reflexes and describe them

A

Babinski reflex - stroke under foot and it moves
Grasp reflex - if you out your hand in their Palm they grasp it
Moro reflex - gets a fright if you startle it
Rooting reflex - stroke its cheek and it starts sucking it
Step reflex - dances when feet touch the ground
Sucking reflex - finger in its mouth - starts sucking it

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3
Q

How often does a neonate sleep a day and what does its sleep consist of

A

Sleeps 17-20 hours a day with cycles of 45 min - 2 hours

REM sleep for 50%
And NREM for the rest

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4
Q

Name four benefits of breast feeding

A 
Has antibodies 
Easily digested
Less weight gained
Practical
Babies accept solid food easier
Stimulates brain growth
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5
Q

What are the three ways in which NEONATES learn

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Imitation

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6
Q

What are the two components of infants physical development

A

Motor and perceptual development

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7
Q

What are the four components of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor
Memory
Language
Info-processing

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8
Q

What are the six sensorimotor stages

A

Reflexes
Primary circular reactions (coordination)
Secondary circular reactions (interest in manipulation)
Coordination of circular reactions (purposeful behaviour)
Tertiary circular reactions (new methods of meeting challenges)
Mental representation (creativity beginning)

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9
Q

What is deferred imitation

A

Ability to copy behaviour even after they have been exposed to it

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10
Q

What are the components of the info processing theory

A

Cognitive development has an input, memory, programmes, calculations and output

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11
Q

What is dis/habituation

A

Habituation = babies exposed to the same stimulus lose interest in it

Dishabituation = new stimulus appears and they show interest in it

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12
Q

What are the five goes of memory

A 
Episodic 
Semantic 
Procedural
Implicit (not aware) 
Explicit
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13
Q

Name three techniques to test memory

A

Operant conditioning
Visual comparison task
Elicited imitation task

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14
Q

What are the two types of language

A

Receptive and productive

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15
Q

What are the phases of pre linguistic speech

A 
Undifferentiated crying.  Birth - 1 month
Differentiated crying.   2 months
Cooing and babbling   2 and 5 months
Lallation - 7-8 months
Echolalia - 9 months
Single word sentences - 1 year
Full sentences - 2 years
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16
Q

What are the four theories of infant language development

A

Learning theory
Social pragmatism
Nativist approach
Integrated approach

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17
Q

Define personality

A

The unique and relatively consistent way in which an individual feels thinks and behaves

18
Q

Name the big 5 in personality development

A 
Conscientiousness 
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness
Extraversion
19
Q

What does the personality development of an infant consist of

A

Emotions
Temperament
Self concept

20
Q

What are the perspectives of personality development

A 
(Pebil)
Psychoanalytic perspective (parents)
Ethological perspective (survival)
Biological perspective
Integrated Perspective
Learning perspective
21
Q

What are the three explanations for emotions

A 
Biological based 
Cognitive socialization (cognitive processors = mediator)
Contextual explanation (social interaction)
22
Q

What are the four types of emotions

A

Basic
Self conscious
Self evaluative
Emotions involving others

23
Q

What is social referencing

A

Babies actively seeking dis/approval

24
Q

Explain regulation of emotions

A

First, the baby uses self regulation, then it interacts with its mother, then it develops self regulating strategies during toddler years

It is influences by cerebral cortex and aptitude of their caregivers

25
Q

Describe temperament

A

Characteristic way in which a person reacts to stimuli (how they excess their feelings)

26
Q

What are the Rothbart and bates dimensions of temperament

A

Effortful control
Negative affectivity
Extra version

27
Q

What is the nature of interaction between temperament and environment called

A

Goodness of fit

28
Q

Describe self concept

A

A unique set of traits an individual considers true about themselves

29
Q

According to modern views, what is self concept split up into

A

Subjective self
Objective self
Emotional self

30
Q

What does social development of infants consist of

A

Attachment
Stranger anxiety
Separation anxiety
Socialization

31
Q

Who thinks an infant becomes attached to who gives them oral satisfaction

A

Freud and spitz

32
Q

Who thinks that an infant gets attached to someone who gives them warmth and comfort

A

Harlow and erikson

33
Q

What measures the quality of a babies attachment

A

Strange situation test

34
Q

What are the developmental phases of attachment

A

Pre attachment phase
Attachment in the making phase
Clear cut attachment phase
Formation of reciprocal relationship

35
Q

What are the four types of attachment

A

Secure
Anxious ambivalent
Avoidant
Disorganized

36
Q

What is it called when other members of the community help and support the child

A

Alloparenting

37
Q

What are the viewpoints of stranger anxiety

A 
Cognitive  viewpoints (congruity)
Behavioral viewpoints (new stimulus)
Contingency viewpoint (lost control)
Evolutionary viewpoints (protection)
Culture (superstition)
38
Q

Describe socialization

A

Child learns to conform to societal standards and moral standards

39
Q

What does socialization consist of (discipline)

A

Induction
Scaffolding
Power assertion
Love withdrawal

40
Q

What are the three phases of peer relations in infants

A

Phase 1 - object centered
Phase 2 - babies try and elicit responses from each other
Phase 3 - they are able to exchange roles

Psychology 223 (3 decks)

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