Chapter 3 Flashcards
Term applied to the science of the structure of the body.
Anatomy
The study of the function of organs.
Physiology
The detailed study of the body of knowledge related to the bones of the body.
Osteology
Can be effectively subdivided through the use of imaginary body planes.
Anatomic position
Four fundamental body planes.
Sagittal
Coronal
Horizontal
Oblique
Divides the entire body or a body part into right and left segments.
Sagittal Plane
A specific sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left halves.
Midsagittal Plane
Divides the entire body or a body part into anterior and posterior segments.
Coronal Plane
A specific coronal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal anterior and posterior halves.
Midcoronal Plane
Passes crosswise through the body or a body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis.
Referred to as a transverse, axial, or cross-sectional plane.
Horizontal Plane
Can pass through a body part at any angle among the three previous described planes(sagittal, coronal, horizontal).
Oblique Plane
Used in radiographic positioning to center a body part to the IR or central ray and to ensure that the body part is properly oriented and aligned with the IR.
Can also be used to guide projections of the central ray.
Planes
Transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the level of the fourth lumbar spinous process.
Interiliac Plane
Formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed.
Occlusal Plane
Two great cavities of the torso.
Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities
Peritoneum Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Spleen Stomach Intestines Kidneys Ureters Major blood vessels *Pelvic Portion-rectum, urinary bladder, and parts of the reproductive system.
Abdominal Cavity
Pleural Membranes Lungs Trachea Esophagus Pericardium Heart and great vessels
Thoracic Cavity
The abdomen is divided into four clinical divisions called
Quadrants
Mastoid Tip
C1
Gonion(angle of the mandible)
C2,C3
Hyoid Bone
C3,C4
Thyroid Cartilage
C5
Vertebra Prominens
C7,T1
Approximately 2 inches (5cm) above level of the jugular notch
T1
Level of jugular notch; manubrial notch
T2,T3
Level of sternal angle
T4,T5
Level of the inferior angles of the scapulae
T7
Level of the xiphoid process
T9,T10
Inferior costal margin
L2,L3
Level of the superior most aspect of the iliac crests
L4,L5
Level of the anterior superior iliac spine(ASIS)
S1,S2
Level of the pubis symphysis and greater trachanters
Coccyx
Common variations in the shape of the human body.
Important in radiography because it determines the size, shape, and position of the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Body habitus
Sthenic-50%
Hyposthenic-35%
Asthenic-10%
Hypersthenic-5%
Four major types of body habitus and the approximate frequencies in the population
Average person
Lungs: moderate length
Heart: moderately transverse
Diaphragm: moderately high
Stomach: high, upper left
Colon:spread evenly;slight dip in transverse colon
Gallbladder: centered on right side, upper abdomen
Sthenic
Between average and long/lanky patients.
Most difficult to classify
Hyposthenic
Long/lanky patient.
Lungs: long, apices above clavicles, may be broader above base.
Heart: nearly vertical and at midline
Diaphragm: low
Stomach: low and medial, in the pelvis when standing
Colon: low, folds on itself
Gallbladder: low and nearer the midline
Asthenic
Obese patient.
Lungs: short, apices at or near clavicles
Heart: axis nearly transverse
Diaphragm: high
Stomach: high, transverse, and in the middle
Colon: around periphery of abdomen
Gallbladder: high, outside, lies more parallel
Hypersthenic
Thorax:moderately short, broad and deep.
Build:moderately heavy
Abdomen: moderately long
Pelvis: relatively small
Sthenic
Thorax: long, shallow
Build: frail
Abdomen: short
Pelvis: wide
Asthenic
Thorax: short, broad, deep
Build: massive
Abdomen: Long
Pelvis: Narrow
Hypersthenic
Attachment for muscles Mechanical basis of movement Protection of internal organs A frame to support the body Storage for calcium, phosphorous, and other salts Production of red and white blood cells
Bones
Supports and protects the head and trunk.
80 bones
Axial skeleton
Allows the body to move in various positions and from place to place.
126 bones
Appendicular Skeleton
Skull
Neck
Thorax
Vertebral Column
Axial skeleton
Shoulder girdle
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Pelvis girdle
Appendicular skeleton
Strong, sense outer layer
Compact bone
Inner portion of less dense bone
Spongy bone
Produces red and white blood cells
Red marrow
Stores adipose(fat) cells
Yellow marrow
Contains trabeculae filled with yellow marrow.
Central Cavity in long bones
Medullary Cavity
In long bones, this is concentrated at the ends of the bone and not in the medullary Cavity.
Red marrow
Covers all bony surfaces except the artificial surfaces, which can are by articular cartilage.
Periosteum
The tissue lining the medullary Cavity of bones
Endosteum
Knoblike projections
Tubercules/Tuberosities
Blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the bone at the same point, through openings called
Foramina
Near the center of all long bones is an opening in the periosteum called
Nutrient Foramen
Term given to the development and formation of bones.
Ossification
Bones begin to develop in the 2nd month of
Embryonic life
Endochondral ossification occurs from two distinct centers of development called
Primary and secondary centers of ossification
Primary ossification begins when?
Before birth
Secondary ossification occurs when?
After birth
Classified by shape. Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
Bones
Found only in the limbs.
Example: femur
Long Bones
Consist mainly of cancellous bone containing red marrow and have a thin outer layer of compact bone.
Example: carpals
Short bones
Consist largely of two tables of compact bone.
Example: sternum, cranium, scapula
Flat bones
Peculiar shapes and variety of forms do not place them in any other category.
Example: vertebrae, bones of face and pelvis
Irregular bones
Small and oval
Example: patella
Sesamoid bone
Study of joints
Arthrology
Two classifications of joints described in anatomy books are
Functional and structural
Immovable joints
Synarthroses
Slightly movable
Amphiarthroses
Freely movable
Diarthroses
Syndesmosis(slightly movable)
Suture(immovable)
Gomphisis(immovable)
Fibrous joints
Symphysis(slightly movable)
Synchondrosis(immovable)
Cartilaginous
Freely movable: Gliding(Plane) Hinge(Ginglymus) Pivot(trochoid) Ellipsoid(Condyloid) Saddle(Sellar) Ball and Socket(Spheroid)
Synovial
Plane
Gliding
Ginglymus
Hinge
Trochoid
Pivot
Condyloid
Ellipsoid
Sellar
Saddle
Sphenoid
Ball and socket
Rounded process at an articular extremity
Condyle
Beaklike or crownlike process
Coracoid/Coronoid
Ridgelike process
Crest
Projection above a condyle
Epicondyle
Small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation with another structure
Facet
Hook-shaped process
Hamulus
Expanded end of a long bone
Head
Hornlike process on a bone
Horn
Less prominent ridge than a crest; a linear elevation
Line
Club-shaped process
Malleolus
Projecting part or prominence
Protuberance
Sharp process
Spine
Long, pointed process
Styloid
Either of two large, rounded, and elevated processes (greater or major and lesser or minor) located at junction of neck and shaft of femur
Tranchanter
Small, rounded, and elevated process
Tubercle
Large, rounded, and elevated process
Tuberosity
Cleft or deep groove
Fissure
Hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves
Foramen
Pit, fovea, or hollow space
Fossa
Shallow linear channel
Groove
Tubelike passageway running within a bone
Meatus
Indention into border of a bone
Notch
Recess, groove, Cavity, or hollow space.
Sinus
Furrow, trench, or fissurelike depression
Sulcus
Fracture that does not break through the skin
Closed
Serious fracture in which bones are not in anatomic alignment
Displaced
Fracture in which bone retains its normal alignment
Nondisplaced
Serious fracture in which broken bone or bones project through the skin
Open
Refers to forward or front part of the body or forward part of an organ
Anterior(ventral)
Refers to back part of body or organ(note, however, that the superior surface is the foot is referred to as the dorsal surface)
Posterior(dorsal)
Refers to parts away from the head of the body
Caudad
Refers to parts reword the head of the body
Cephalad
Refers to nearer the feet of situated below
Inferior
Refers to nearer the head or situated above
Superior
Refers to middle area or main part of the organ
Central
Refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
Peripheral
Refers to part or parts on opposite sides of the body
Contralateral
Refers to part or parts on the same side of body
Ipsilateral
Refers to parts away from median Plane of body or away from the middle of another body part to the right or left
Lateral
Refers to parts toward median Plane of body or toward the middle of another body part
Medial
Refers to parts far from the surface
Deep
Refers to parts near skin or surface
Superficial
Refers to parts farthest from point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; away from center of the body
Distal
Refers to parts nearer point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; toward center of the body
Proximal
Refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ
Internal
Refers to the wall or linking of a body Cavity
Parietal
Refers to the covering of an organ
Visceral
Refers to the top of anterior surface of the foot or to the back or posterior surface of the hand
Dorsum
Refers to the palm of the hand
Palmar
Refers to the sole of the foot
Plantar
Refers to all projections in which the longitudinal angulation between the central ray and the long axis of the body is 10 degrees or more.
Axial
Central ray is directed toward the outer margin of a curved body surface to profile a body part just under the surface and project it drew if superimposition
Tangential projection
Erect or marked by a vertical position
Upright
Upright position in which the patient is sitting on a chair or stool
Seated
General term referring to lying down in any position
Recumbent
Lying on the back
Supine
Lying face down
Prone
Supine position wth head titled downward
Trendelenburg position
Supine position with head higher then feet
Fowler position
Recumbent position with the patient lying on the left anterior side (semiprone) with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed
Sims position
Supine position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle or knee supports
Having a baby position
Lithotomy position
Movement of a part away from the central axis of the body or body part
Abduct or abduction
Movement of the body part toward the central axis of the body or body parts
Adduct or adduction
Straightening of joint; when both elements of the joint are in the anatomic position, normal position of a joint
Extension
Act of bending a joint; opposite of extension
Flexion
Forced or excessive extension of limb or joints
Hyperextension
Forces over flexion of a limb or joints
Hyper flexion
Outward turning of the foot or ankle
Evert/Eversion
Inward turning of the foot or the ankle
Invert/Inversion
Rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down
Pronate/Pronation
Rotation of the forearm so that the palm is up(in the anatomic position)
Supinate/Supination
Turning or rotating of the body or a body part around its axis.
Rotate/Rotation
Circular movement of a limb
Circumduction
Tipping or slanting a body part slightly; in relation to the long axis of the body
Tilt
Turning away from the regular standard or course
Deviation
Flexion or bending of the foot toward the leg
Dorsiflexion
Flexion or bending of the foot downward toward the sole
Plantar flexion
Old age Pneumothorax Emphysema Emaciation Degenerative Arthritis Atrophy
Decrease kvp
Pneumonia Pleural Effusion Hydrocephalus Enlarged Heart Edema Ascites
Increase kvp
