Chapter 3 Flashcards by Brittany Elkins

Term applied to the science of the structure of the body.

Anatomy

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The study of the function of organs.

Physiology

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The detailed study of the body of knowledge related to the bones of the body.

Osteology

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Can be effectively subdivided through the use of imaginary body planes.

Anatomic position

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Four fundamental body planes.

Sagittal
Coronal
Horizontal
Oblique

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Divides the entire body or a body part into right and left segments.

Sagittal Plane

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A specific sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left halves.

Midsagittal Plane

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Divides the entire body or a body part into anterior and posterior segments.

Coronal Plane

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A specific coronal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal anterior and posterior halves.

Midcoronal Plane

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Passes crosswise through the body or a body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis.
Referred to as a transverse, axial, or cross-sectional plane.

Horizontal Plane

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Can pass through a body part at any angle among the three previous described planes(sagittal, coronal, horizontal).

Oblique Plane

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Used in radiographic positioning to center a body part to the IR or central ray and to ensure that the body part is properly oriented and aligned with the IR.
Can also be used to guide projections of the central ray.

Planes

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Transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the level of the fourth lumbar spinous process.

Interiliac Plane

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Formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed.

Occlusal Plane

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Two great cavities of the torso.

Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities

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Peritoneum
Liver
Gallbladder 
Pancreas
Spleen
Stomach
Intestines
Kidneys
Ureters
Major blood vessels 
*Pelvic Portion-rectum, urinary bladder, and parts of the reproductive system.

Abdominal Cavity

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Pleural Membranes
Lungs
Trachea
Esophagus
Pericardium 
Heart and great vessels

Thoracic Cavity

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The abdomen is divided into four clinical divisions called

Quadrants

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Mastoid Tip

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Gonion(angle of the mandible)

C2,C3

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Hyoid Bone

C3,C4

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Thyroid Cartilage

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Vertebra Prominens

C7,T1

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Approximately 2 inches (5cm) above level of the jugular notch

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Level of jugular notch; manubrial notch

T2,T3

Level of sternal angle

T4,T5

Level of the inferior angles of the scapulae

Level of the xiphoid process

T9,T10

Inferior costal margin

L2,L3

Level of the superior most aspect of the iliac crests

L4,L5

Level of the anterior superior iliac spine(ASIS)

S1,S2

Level of the pubis symphysis and greater trachanters

Coccyx

Common variations in the shape of the human body. Important in radiography because it determines the size, shape, and position of the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Body habitus

Sthenic-50% Hyposthenic-35% Asthenic-10% Hypersthenic-5%

Four major types of body habitus and the approximate frequencies in the population

Average person Lungs: moderate length Heart: moderately transverse Diaphragm: moderately high Stomach: high, upper left Colon:spread evenly;slight dip in transverse colon Gallbladder: centered on right side, upper abdomen

Sthenic

Between average and long/lanky patients. | Most difficult to classify

Hyposthenic

Long/lanky patient. Lungs: long, apices above clavicles, may be broader above base. Heart: nearly vertical and at midline Diaphragm: low Stomach: low and medial, in the pelvis when standing Colon: low, folds on itself Gallbladder: low and nearer the midline

Asthenic

Obese patient. Lungs: short, apices at or near clavicles Heart: axis nearly transverse Diaphragm: high Stomach: high, transverse, and in the middle Colon: around periphery of abdomen Gallbladder: high, outside, lies more parallel

Hypersthenic

Thorax:moderately short, broad and deep. Build:moderately heavy Abdomen: moderately long Pelvis: relatively small

Sthenic

Thorax: long, shallow Build: frail Abdomen: short Pelvis: wide

Asthenic

Thorax: short, broad, deep Build: massive Abdomen: Long Pelvis: Narrow

Hypersthenic

``` Attachment for muscles Mechanical basis of movement Protection of internal organs A frame to support the body Storage for calcium, phosphorous, and other salts Production of red and white blood cells ```

Bones

Supports and protects the head and trunk. | 80 bones

Axial skeleton

Allows the body to move in various positions and from place to place. 126 bones

Appendicular Skeleton

Skull Neck Thorax Vertebral Column

Axial skeleton

Shoulder girdle Upper limbs Lower limbs Pelvis girdle

Appendicular skeleton

Strong, sense outer layer

Compact bone

Inner portion of less dense bone

Spongy bone

Produces red and white blood cells

Red marrow

Stores adipose(fat) cells

Yellow marrow

Contains trabeculae filled with yellow marrow. | Central Cavity in long bones

Medullary Cavity

In long bones, this is concentrated at the ends of the bone and not in the medullary Cavity.

Red marrow

Covers all bony surfaces except the artificial surfaces, which can are by articular cartilage.

Periosteum

The tissue lining the medullary Cavity of bones

Endosteum

Knoblike projections

Tubercules/Tuberosities

Blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the bone at the same point, through openings called

Foramina

Near the center of all long bones is an opening in the periosteum called

Nutrient Foramen

Term given to the development and formation of bones.

Ossification

Bones begin to develop in the 2nd month of

Embryonic life

Endochondral ossification occurs from two distinct centers of development called

Primary and secondary centers of ossification

Primary ossification begins when?

Before birth

Secondary ossification occurs when?

After birth

``` Classified by shape. Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid ```

Bones

Found only in the limbs. | Example: femur

Long Bones

Consist mainly of cancellous bone containing red marrow and have a thin outer layer of compact bone. Example: carpals

Short bones

Consist largely of two tables of compact bone. | Example: sternum, cranium, scapula

Flat bones

Peculiar shapes and variety of forms do not place them in any other category. Example: vertebrae, bones of face and pelvis

Irregular bones

Small and oval | Example: patella

Sesamoid bone

Study of joints

Arthrology

Two classifications of joints described in anatomy books are

Functional and structural

Immovable joints

Synarthroses

Slightly movable

Amphiarthroses

Freely movable

Diarthroses

Syndesmosis(slightly movable) Suture(immovable) Gomphisis(immovable)

Fibrous joints

Symphysis(slightly movable) | Synchondrosis(immovable)

Cartilaginous

``` Freely movable: Gliding(Plane) Hinge(Ginglymus) Pivot(trochoid) Ellipsoid(Condyloid) Saddle(Sellar) Ball and Socket(Spheroid) ```

Synovial

Plane

Gliding

Ginglymus

Hinge

Trochoid

Pivot

Condyloid

Ellipsoid

Sellar

Saddle

Sphenoid

Ball and socket

Rounded process at an articular extremity

Condyle

Beaklike or crownlike process

Coracoid/Coronoid

Ridgelike process

Crest

Projection above a condyle

Epicondyle

Small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation with another structure

Facet

Hook-shaped process

Hamulus

Expanded end of a long bone

Head

Hornlike process on a bone

Horn

Less prominent ridge than a crest; a linear elevation

Line

Club-shaped process

Malleolus

Projecting part or prominence

Protuberance

Sharp process

Spine

Long, pointed process

Styloid

Either of two large, rounded, and elevated processes (greater or major and lesser or minor) located at junction of neck and shaft of femur

Tranchanter

Small, rounded, and elevated process

Tubercle

Large, rounded, and elevated process

Tuberosity

Cleft or deep groove

Fissure

Hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves

Foramen

Pit, fovea, or hollow space

Fossa

Shallow linear channel

Groove

Tubelike passageway running within a bone

Meatus

Indention into border of a bone

Notch

Recess, groove, Cavity, or hollow space.

Sinus

Furrow, trench, or fissurelike depression

Sulcus

Fracture that does not break through the skin

Closed

Serious fracture in which bones are not in anatomic alignment

Displaced

Fracture in which bone retains its normal alignment

Nondisplaced

Serious fracture in which broken bone or bones project through the skin

Open

Refers to forward or front part of the body or forward part of an organ

Anterior(ventral)

Refers to back part of body or organ(note, however, that the superior surface is the foot is referred to as the dorsal surface)

Posterior(dorsal)

Refers to parts away from the head of the body

Caudad

Refers to parts reword the head of the body

Cephalad

Refers to nearer the feet of situated below

Inferior

Refers to nearer the head or situated above

Superior

Refers to middle area or main part of the organ

Central

Refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part

Peripheral

Refers to part or parts on opposite sides of the body

Contralateral

Refers to part or parts on the same side of body

Ipsilateral

Refers to parts away from median Plane of body or away from the middle of another body part to the right or left

Lateral

Refers to parts toward median Plane of body or toward the middle of another body part

Medial

Refers to parts far from the surface

Deep

Refers to parts near skin or surface

Superficial

Refers to parts farthest from point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; away from center of the body

Distal

Refers to parts nearer point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; toward center of the body

Proximal

Refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ

Internal

Refers to the wall or linking of a body Cavity

Parietal

Refers to the covering of an organ

Visceral

Refers to the top of anterior surface of the foot or to the back or posterior surface of the hand

Dorsum

Refers to the palm of the hand

Palmar

Refers to the sole of the foot

Plantar

Refers to all projections in which the longitudinal angulation between the central ray and the long axis of the body is 10 degrees or more.

Axial

Central ray is directed toward the outer margin of a curved body surface to profile a body part just under the surface and project it drew if superimposition

Tangential projection

Erect or marked by a vertical position

Upright

Upright position in which the patient is sitting on a chair or stool

Seated

General term referring to lying down in any position

Recumbent

Lying on the back

Supine

Lying face down

Prone

Supine position wth head titled downward

Trendelenburg position

Supine position with head higher then feet

Fowler position

Recumbent position with the patient lying on the left anterior side (semiprone) with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed

Sims position

Supine position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle or knee supports Having a baby position

Lithotomy position

Movement of a part away from the central axis of the body or body part

Abduct or abduction

Movement of the body part toward the central axis of the body or body parts

Adduct or adduction

Straightening of joint; when both elements of the joint are in the anatomic position, normal position of a joint

Extension

Act of bending a joint; opposite of extension

Flexion

Forced or excessive extension of limb or joints

Hyperextension

Forces over flexion of a limb or joints

Hyper flexion

Outward turning of the foot or ankle

Evert/Eversion

Inward turning of the foot or the ankle

Invert/Inversion

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down

Pronate/Pronation

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm is up(in the anatomic position)

Supinate/Supination

Turning or rotating of the body or a body part around its axis.

Rotate/Rotation

Circular movement of a limb

Circumduction

Tipping or slanting a body part slightly; in relation to the long axis of the body

Tilt

Turning away from the regular standard or course

Deviation

Flexion or bending of the foot toward the leg

Dorsiflexion

Flexion or bending of the foot downward toward the sole

Plantar flexion

``` Old age Pneumothorax Emphysema Emaciation Degenerative Arthritis Atrophy ```

Decrease kvp

``` Pneumonia Pleural Effusion Hydrocephalus Enlarged Heart Edema Ascites ```

Increase kvp