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Biology 101 > Chapter 3-6 > Flashcards

Chapter 3-6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Biochemical Unity

A

A protein has a certain function in a tree and probably has the same function in a human because the chemistry is the same wherever it is found.

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2
Q

Macro Molecules

A

Preforms functions, like energy store, structural support, protection etc. Are proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids.

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3
Q

What are the Types of reactions that formulate a polymer?

A

Condensation Reactions( dehydration) and Hydrolysis reactions

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4
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Polyers are made from monomers by condensation which forms by having a covalent bond between monomers, and a molecule of water is released.
H-monomer-OH + H-monomer-OH gives you H2O(which is removed) and H-monomer-monomer-OH A covalent bond forms between monomers.

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5
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

hydro(water) lysis (break) These reactions result in the breakdown of polymers into their component monomers. polyermers only form if water molecules are removed and energy is added to the system.

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6
Q

Functions of Proteins?

A

Enzymes, defensive protein, hormonal and regulatory protein, ETC

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7
Q

What links make a Protein?

A

Peptide chains

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8
Q

Polypeptide chains what are they and what do they link and form.

A

Unbranched(linear) polymer of contently linked amino acids, all proteins have this. Single linear chain of Amino Acids with N and C ends.

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9
Q

What does variation in the sequence of Amino acids do?

A

It is the source of the diversity in protein structure and function

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10
Q

What is a Polypeptide chain?

A

A bunch of Amino acids that are linked by peptide chains which form in a straight line.

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11
Q

What is an Amino Acid?

A

A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (COOH) and an amino (NH2) group. They are simultaneously acids and bases.

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12
Q

What happens when Two amino Acids link?

A

The Carboxyl group on one Amino acid likes to the Amino group in the other Amino acid and this bondage is called a peptide linkage, and water is removed to the system.

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13
Q

What is Primary Structure? Essay format write on white board. Bonds and Interactions?

A

The precise sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain held together by peptide linkages. Amino acid monomers are joined. A straight line of amino acids linked by peptide linkages. They are held together by covalent bonds.

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14
Q

Tell me everything you know about secondary structures. Write it on the white board in essay format. Bonds and interactions

A

Consists of regular, repeated spatial patterns in different regions of a polypeptide chain. Two types of Secondary structure. Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheet. Alpha helix is when two primary structures and joined together by hydrogen bonds, and it forms a right turning coil. Beta Pleated sheet is formed from two or more polypeptide chains that are almost completely extended and aligned. they basically form on top of eachother. Bonds are hydrogen bonds. Bonded from the N-H and C-O molecules. These do not include the side chains.

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15
Q

What is Tertiary structure? essay format write on white board. bonds and interactions

A

Interactions between R groups (the amino acid side chains) determine tertiary structure. Which is a 3D arrangement of the entire polypeptide chain including the R chain, this is what makes each protein special, with the different sequences of R groups. The bonds include Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, Hydrophobic effect, )Disulfide bridges)!!

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16
Q

What is Quaternary structure and what are the bonds and interactions that hold them together?

A

Results from the ways in which two or more sub units bind together and interact. Sub units are functional proteins that contain two or more polypeptide chains. The bonds and forces that hold them together are Di sulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waal forces, and ionic bonds.

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17
Q

How does shape effect A protein?

A

Given molecules will not bind to a protein unless there is a general fit between their two three dimensional shapes.

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18
Q

What is Denature? and what causes it.

A

If the weak interactions are broken in a secondary and tertiary structure which causes them to break down. Increase in temp, alterations in pH, high concentrations of polar substances, nonpolar substances can all cause the denaturing of a protein.

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19
Q

What are Carbohydrates and what are they used for?

A

Large group of molecules that have Cn(h2o)n N is a variable. They are the source of stores energy that can be released. They are also carbon skeletons that can be rearranged to form new molecules. composed of carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen provide energy and structure to cells.

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20
Q

What are the four subunits of Carbs. and describe them.

A

Monosaccharides: one sugar simple sugar.
Disaccharides:two monosaccharies linked by covalent bonds.
Oligosaccharides:3-20 monosaccharides
Polysaccharides:many monosaccharides.

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21
Q

What is glucose?

A

It is a monosaccharide and it is in all living cells

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22
Q

What are Glycosidic linkages?

A

the bond between two or more monosaccharides and these are responsible for forming common life sustaining energy.

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23
Q

What are Lipids? And what are they used for

A

Usually called fats, and are nonpolar convalent bonds. Fats and oils store energy, Phosphlipids , Cartenoids and chlorophyll help plants capture light energy. Steroids and fatty acids, fat in animal bodies.

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24
Q

What is a triglycerides? and what are they composed of

A

Fats, and oils or simple lipids. Three fatty acid molecules and one molecule of glycerol.

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25
Q

What is Glycerol

A

A small molecule with three OH groups (alcohol)

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26
Q

What is fatty acid

A

Made up of a long nonpolar hydrocarbon chain and a polar carboxyl group. It has a hydrophilic end and a long hydrophobic tail.

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27
Q

What composes of a triglyceride?What is the process of synthesizing a triglyceride

A

Three fatty acid molecules and one molecule of glycerol. Involves three condensation reactions

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28
Q

What is a Saturated fatty acid

A

All the bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain are single bonds-there are no double bonds

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29
Q

What is a unsaturated fatty acid?

A

The hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds.

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30
Q

What is a Cis fat?

A

A Cis fat is one that is a unsaturated fatty acid that has one or more breaks in the hydrocarbon chain, where the hydrogen atoms are next to each other, and this causes the hydrocarbon to have a kink in it.

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31
Q

What is a trans fat?

A

A trans fat is one that is a unsaturated fatty acid with one or more double bonds, in this case the hydrogen atoms are opposite from eachother where the double bond lies. This bond doesnt have any kink its in molecule, its straight.

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32
Q

What is Amphipathic?

A

Its a term that describes a fatty acid’s hydrophilic end and a long hydrophobic tail.

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33
Q

What is a ester linkage?

A

A covalent bond that bonds a glycerol and a fatty acid in the synthesis of a triglyceride.

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34
Q

What is a Phospholipid?

A

Contain two fatty acids bound to glycerol by ester linkers, and on the other side of the bond there is a phosphate containing compound which makes a phospholipids have hydophilic heads(phosophate causes this) and a hydrophobic tail(fatty acids cause this)

35
Q

What are Nucleic Acids?

A

Are polymers specialized for storage, transmission between generation, and use of genetic information. Are uniquely capable of coding for and transmitting biological information.

36
Q

What are the Two types of Nucleic acids?

A

DNA, and RNA

37
Q

What is DNA?

A

(Deoxyribonucleic acid) it is a nucleic acid and is a macromolecule that encodes hereditary information and passes it from generation to generation.

38
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the sequences of amino acids that synthesis proteins

39
Q

What is a Nucleotide?

A

They are monomers which consist of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.

40
Q

What consists in a DNA molecule? Essay format

A

A DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a nucleix acid which is composed of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base. The pentose sugar for DNA is deoxyribose. The DNA bases are called Adenine, Cytosin, Guanine, and Thymine (GCAT). DNA also has a double strand which hydrogen bond links them together. DNA can either replicate itself or pass information to RNA molecules

41
Q

What are DNA’s base’s and which ones link to eachother.

A

Guanine, cytosine, Adenine, Thymine

GC, AT always link

42
Q

What are RNA’s base’s

A

Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Uracil (GCUA) Guanine and cytosine par (G-C) and Adenine and Uracil Pair( A-U)

43
Q

What is a Pyrimidine

A

it is a 6 carbon ringed structure.Cytosine, thymine, uracil

44
Q

What consists of a RNA?

A

A RNA (Ribonucleotides) is a nucleic acid which is composed of a pentose sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base. The pentose sugar for RNA is Ribose sugar. RNA molecules can pass information to proteins called translation.

45
Q

What does ATP stand for and what does it do?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

it acts as an energy transducer in many biochemical reactions.

46
Q

What are Ribozymes?

A

Catalytic RNAs can catalyze reaction on their own nucleotide as well as in other cellular substances, They help speed up the reaction it takes to reproduce itself.

47
Q

What is Cell Theory?

A

Cells are the fundamental units of Life.
All living organisms are composed of cells.
All cells come from preexisting cells.

48
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

Because of the surface area- to volume ratio.

49
Q

What is a plama Membrane

A

Very thin structure forms the outer surface of every cell it separates the interior of the cell from its outside environment making different compartments. Composed of phospholipid bilayer.

50
Q

What are Prokaryotes? And what do they have.

A

Archaea and Bacteria, and it doesnt have a nucleus. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelles.

51
Q

What is a Eukaryotic cell

A

A cell with a nucleus, the protists, plants, fungi, and animals all have this type of cell.

52
Q

What are the basic structures and organelles of Prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells have no internal compartments, but have a nucleoid region containing DNA, and a cytoplasm containing cytosol, ribosomes, proteins, and small molecules. Some prokaryotes have additional protective structures, including a cell wall, an outer membrane, and a capsule.

53
Q

List the Organelles inside a Eukaryotic cell/

A

Nucleus,Mitochondrion, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes,vacuoles, Chloroplasts(found in some cells),microfilaments, intermediate filaments,cytoskeleton.Microtubules/ Microfilaments

54
Q

What is a nucleus and which cells have them?

A

The nucleus contains most of the cells genetic material (DNA) It is the site where gene transcription is turned on or off.

55
Q

What is a Nucleolus? and which cells have them

A

is a non-membrane bound structure[1] composed of proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus of cells. Its function is to transcribe ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assemble it within the nucleolus. Eukaryotic cells

56
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis. They are located in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotes they are located in the ER, chloroplast, mitochondria, and in the cytoplasm

57
Q

What are the two membranes in a nucleus and what are their functions?

A

Nuclear envelope is both membranes:separates genetic material from the cytoplasm These are made up by nuclear pores which allow the nucleus to regulate the information-processing functions. It allows some things in and doesnt let others out. They are called the outer and inner membranes. It also is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.

58
Q

What are the different departments of the endomembrane system? And what is an endomembrane system?

A

Included plama membrane, nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. is a series of interrelated compartments enclosed by membranes. It segregates proteins and modifies them.

59
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum? And what is an endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum, and Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

60
Q

What is a rough Endoplasmic reticulum? and what does it do?

A

They contain Ribosomes attached to the outer surface of it. They are involved in protein synthesis. It can chemically modify and alter the functions of proteins. It can transport them.

61
Q

What is a smooth Endoplasmic reticulum and what does it do?

A

Part of the endomembrane system. It lacks ribosomoes and it is the site for lipid synthesis and chemical modification of proteins.

62
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus and what does it do?

A

It is part of the endomembrane system, and it concentrates, packages, and sorts proteins before they are send to their cellular or extra cellular destinations. The cis region Which accepts proteins from the ER then the Golgi chemically modifies proteins in its lumen, then exits out from the trans region targeting destinations.

63
Q

What is a Lysosome? And what does it do.

A

They are part of the endomembrane system. They originate from the Golgi apparatus, Place where macromolecules are dyhrolyzed into their monomers. They break down food, other cells or foreign objects.

64
Q

What is a mitochondria and what does it do?

A

Mitochondria is in eukaryotic cells, it is the breakdown of fuel molecules. They receive particles that werent used from the ER and transform them into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

65
Q

What are vacuoles and what are they used for.

A

Occur in many eukaryotic cells, but mostly in plants and protists. They are used for storage, structure, reproduction, digestion.

66
Q

What is cytoskeleton and what are they used for?

A

It supports the cell and maintains shape, holds oranells into position, moves organelles, interacts with extracellular structures, helping to anchor the cell in place.

67
Q

What are microfiliaments and what are they used for.

A

They are found in Eukaroytic cells, and they help the entire cell to move, detmine stabilize cell shape. Have actin in them.

68
Q

What are Intermediate filaments and what are they used for?

A

Found in Eukaryotic cells, They anchor cell structures in place, they resist tension.

69
Q

What are microtubules and what are they used for?

A

Found in Eukaryotic cells, are long hollow unbranced cylinders, they form a rigid internal skeleton for some cells, they act as a framework along with motor proteins

70
Q

What are cell walls and what are they used for.

A

Found in eukaryotic plant cells, semirigid structure, Limits its volume by remaining rigid. Has cellulose fibers, and polysaccharides and proteins.

71
Q

What bonds Bond long polymers of nucleotides to make nucleic acid?

A

Phosphodiester linkages.

72
Q

Describe the structure of a nucleotide.

A

contains a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a base. Bases include Cytosine, thymine, uracil, adenine, guanine.

73
Q

What is a tight junction

A

prevent the passage of molecules through the intercellular spaces between cells, and they restrict the migration of membrane proteins over the cell surface

74
Q

Desmosomes

A

ause cells to adhere firmly to one another

75
Q

Gap junctions

A

provide channels for communication between adjacent cells.

76
Q

What is Diffusion

A

Random movement of molecules or other particles, resulting in even distribution of the particles when no barriers are present.

77
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Movement of water across a differentially permeable membrane, from one region to another region where the water potential is more negative.

78
Q

Facilitated diffusion?

A

Passive movement through a membrane involving a specific carrier protein; does not proceed against a concentration gradient.

79
Q

Active transport?

A

The energy-dependent transport of a substance across a biological membrane against a concentration gradient—that is, from a region of low concentration (of that substance) to one of high concentration.

80
Q

Endocytosis

A

A process by which liquids or solid particles are taken up by a cell through invagination of the plasma membrane

81
Q

Exocytosis

A

A process by which a vesicle within a cell fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the outside.

82
Q

What is chitin?

A

It is a polysaccharide

83
Q

What is endosymbiosis theory?

A

It stats that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated when larger prokaryotes engulfed, but did not digest smaller prokaryotes. Mutual benefits permitted this symbiotic relationship to be maintained, allowed the smaller cells to evolve into the eukaryotic organelles observed today

84
Q

Enzymes?

A

Are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

Biology 101 (3 decks)

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