Chapter 3

Question 1

Attribution theory

Answer 1

how people explain their successes and failures

Question 2

Two dimensions of attribution theory

Answer 2

Locus of casality and stability

Question 3

What is locus of causality in relation to attribution theory

Answer 3

Internal factors (natural athletic talent) or external factors ( weather or officiating)

Question 4

What is stability in relation to attribution theory

Answer 4

something that is relatively permanent and not likely to change.

Question 5

4 quadrants of Attribution theory

Answer 5

Ability, effort, task difficulty and luck

Question 6

What is ability in relation to attribution theory?

Answer 6

outcomes that are internal and stable

Question 7

What is effort in relation to attribution theory?

Answer 7

outcomes that are internal and unstable

Question 8

What is task difficulty in relation to attribution theory?

Answer 8

outcomes that are external and stable

Question 9

What is Luck in relation to attribution theory?

Answer 9

outcomes that are external and unstable

Question 10

What is revised attribution theory

Answer 10

Controllable/Uncontrollable vs Internal-stable/Internal-unstable/External-stable/External-unstable

Question 11

what causes Learned Helplessness

Answer 11

failure attributed to stable and uncontrollable causes

Question 12

Results of learned helplessness

Answer 12

reduced motivation, increased negative affect as well as lower self-efficacy and worse performance

Question 13

Results of high vs low expectations

Answer 13

Low - perform better = more positive affect including proud grateful and confident.
High - worse = negative affect including depression, guilt, and anger

Question 14

Attribution training

Answer 14

Education designed to change individuals’ perceptions regarding the causes of their performance

Question 15

Hot hand effect

Answer 15

The belief that the performance of a player during a particular period is significantly better than could be expected on the basis of the player’s overall record

Question 16

Learned helplessness

Answer 16

A state in which a person feels that his or her efforts will be useless and therefore stops putting forth any effort

Question 17

Locus of control

Answer 17

A factor in attribution theory describing whether the cause of an outcome is or is not within a person’s control

Question 18

Optimistic explanatory style

Answer 18

An Attributional style in which people tend to explain good events as caused by internal, stable, and global factors

Question 19

Pessimistic explanatory style

Answer 19

An attributional style in which people tend to explain bad events as caused by internal, stable, and global factors

Question 20

Psychological momentum

Answer 20

A perceived added or gained psychological power that gives the person, or a team, a feeling of having an edge over an opponent

Question 21

Self-serving attribution

Answer 21

A tendency to accept credit for success, but explain failure based on external factors.

Question 22

Collectivistic and indivuiualistic cultures

Answer 22

collevtivistic =  external , role of enviroment
indivualistic = internal, role of person

Question 23

Collectivistic and indivuiualistic cultures

Answer 23

collevtivistic =  external , role of enviroment
indivualistic = internal, role of person

Question 24

Action Bias

Answer 24

Act rather than not act even when that action might not lead to a better outcome (Goalie movement(28.7 % center and 7 % staying in center); firing the coach(bad teams increase then decrease, good teams, decrease then increase); going for the fourth down)

Question 25

research about hot hand

Answer 25

initially it was discounted but somewhat proved by Harvard with 1.2 o 2.4 % chance; they faced tougher oppositiuon.

however still some suggest it’s a cognitive illusion

Question 26

Steps to attribution training

Answer 26

1. Identify, and then change, destructive thoughts (filtering, overgeneralization, all or nothing thinking, disregarding the positive, personalizing, magnification, control fallacies)