Chapter 3

Question 1

Sound substitution

Answer 1

A process by which sounds that exists in a language a speaker knows are used to replace sounds that do not exist in that language when pronouncing the words of a foreign language.

Question 2

Phoneme

Answer 2

A class of speech sounds that seem to be variants of the same sound.

Question 3

Allophone

Answer 3

Each member of a particular phoneme which corresponds to an actual phonetic segment produced by a speaker.

Question 4

Contrastive distribution

Answer 4

A case in which the two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment, and using one rather than the other changes the meaning of the word.

Question 5

Complementary distribution

Answer 5

Considered to be allophones of the same phoneme.

Question 6

Overlapping distribution

Answer 6

Sounds that can occur in the same environment.

Question 7

Conditioning environment

Answer 7

Neighboring sounds of a given sound that cause it to undergo a change.

Question 8

Assimilation

Answer 8

Causes a sound (or gesture) to become more like a neighboring sound (or gesture) with respect to some phonetic property.

Question 9

Nasal place assimilation

Answer 9

An alveolar nasal assimilates to the place of articulation a following consonant.

Question 10

Palatalization

Answer 10

An assimilation process. It refers to a special type of assimilation in which a consonant becomes like a neighboring palatal.

Question 11

Vowel harmony

Answer 11

A back vowel becomes front when preceded by a front vowel in the same word.

Question 12

Dissimilation

Answer 12

Unlike assimilation, which makes sounds more similar, rules of dissimilation cause two close or adjacent sounds to become less similar with respect to some property, by means of a change in one or both sounds.

Question 13

Insertion

Answer 13

causes a segment not present at a phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of a word.

Question 14

Deletion

Answer 14

eliminates a sound that was present at the phonemic level.

Question 15

Metathesis

Answer 15

changes the order of sounds.

Question 16

Strengthening

Answer 16

makes sounds stronger.

Question 17

Weakening

Answer 17

causes sounds to become weaker.

Question 18

Flapping

Answer 18

av alveolar stop is realized when it occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel.

Question 19

Schwa insertion

Answer 19

makes plurals more distinct by separating the two sibilants.

Question 20

Voicing assimilation

Answer 20

takes on the voicing specification of the preceding sound.

Question 21

Voiceless stop insertion

Answer 21

Between a nasal consonant and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless stop within the same place of articulation as the nasal is inserted.

Question 22

CV metathesis

Answer 22

when three consecutive consonants occur, the first consonant trades places with the preceding vowel.

Question 23

Manner dissimilation

Answer 23

A stop becomes a fricative when followed by another stop.

Question 24

Implicational law

Answer 24

observation about language universals that takes the form of an implication.

Question 25

Alternation

Answer 25

a difference between two (or more) phonetic forms that you might otherwise expect to be related.