Chapter 3-5

Question 0

Transduction

Answer 0

Tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information.

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

The process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

The process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural signals in the brain.

Question 3

Visual accomidation

Answer 3

The change in the thickness of lens as the eye focuses on the objects that are far away or close.

Question 4

Rods

Answer 4

Visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for non-color sensitivity to low levels of light.

Question 5

Cones

Answer 5

Visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision

Question 6

Cochlea

Answer 6

Snail shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid.

Question 7

Organ of corti

Answer 7

Contains receptor cells for the sense of hearing.

Question 8

Auditory nerve

Answer 8

Bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear.

Question 9

Olfactory bulbs

Answer 9

Areas of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells.

Question 10

Somesthetic senses

Answer 10

The body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetics sense, and vestibular senses.

Question 11

Skin Senses

Answer 11

The sensation of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

Question 12

Kinesthetic senses

Answer 12

Sense of location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other.

Question 13

Vestibular senses

Answer 13

The sensations of movement, balance, and body position.

Question 14

Perception

Answer 14

The method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion.

Question 15

Depth perception

Answer 15

The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions.

Question 16

Extinction

Answer 16

The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus or the removal of a reinforcer.

Question 17

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 17

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred.

Question 18

Vicarious conditioning

Answer 18

Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

Question 19

Operant conditioning

Answer 19

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

Question 20

Reinforcement

Answer 20

Any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.

Question 21

Positive reinforcement

Answer 21

The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus.

Question 22

Negative reinforcement

Answer 22

The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.

Question 23

Punishment

Answer 23

Any event or object that when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.

Question 24

Shaping

Answer 24

The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior.

Question 25

Successive approximations

Answer 25

Small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior.

Question 26

Learned helplessness

Answer 26

The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past.

Question 27

Observational learning

Answer 27

Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

Question 28

Encoding

Answer 28

The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems.

Question 29

Sensory memory

Answer 29

The very first stage of memory; the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems.

Question 30

Iconic memory

Answer 30

Visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second.

Question 31

Eidetic imagery

Answer 31

The ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more.

Question 32

Echoic memory

Answer 32

The brief memory of something a person has just heard.

Question 33

Selective attention

Answer 33

The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory output.

Question 34

Working memory

Answer 34

An active system that processes the information in short-term memory.

Question 35

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 35

Practice of saying information to be remembered over and over one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory.

Question 36

Long-term memory

Answer 36

The system of memory in which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

Question 37

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 37

A method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way.

Question 38

Declarative memory

Answer 38

Type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and unknown.

Question 39

Semantic memory

Answer 39

Type of declarative memory containing general knowledge, such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal education.

Question 40

Episodic memory

Answer 40

Type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available for others, such as daily activities and events.

Question 41

Explicit memory

Answer 41

Memory that is consciously known, such as declarative memory.

Question 42

Recall

Answer 42

Type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external cues.

Question 43

Recognition

Answer 43

The ability to match a piece of information or stimulus to a stored image or fact.

Question 44

Hindsight bias

Answer 44

The tendency to falsely believe , through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event.

Question 45

Consolidation

Answer 45

The changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when memory is formed.